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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Call to Remain Faithful to the Torah

Chapter 18

1 Israelite children, descendants of the seed of Abraham, obey this law and be pious in every way, 2 knowing that religious reasoning is master of the emotions, not only of sufferings from within but also of those from outside. 3 So those who gave up their bodies to suffering for the sake of piety were not only admired by people, but were also counted worthy of a divine inheritance. 4 Because of them the nation gained peace, and by restoring obedience to the law in the homeland, they defeated the enemy. 5 The tyrant Antiochus was punished on earth, and is being punished now that he is dead. For when he was completely unable to force the people of Jerusalem to live like foreigners and abandon the customs of their ancestors, he left Jerusalem and marched against the Persians.

The Mother's Recollection of Her Family

6 The mother of the seven sons also spoke these righteous words to her children: 7 “I was a pure virgin⁠ and did not leave my father’s house, and I guarded the rib from which woman was built. 8 No seducer in the desert or deceiver in the field ruined me, nor did the seducer, the deceitful snake, defile the purity of my virginity.⁠ 9 I lived with my husband through the years of my youth, and when these sons had grown up, their father died. He was fortunate, for he lived a life blessed with children and never knew the grief of losing them. 10 While he was still with you, he taught you the law and the prophets. 11 He read to you about Abel killed by Cain, Isaac offered as a burnt offering, and Joseph in prison. 12 He told you about the zealous Phinehas, and taught you about Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael in the fire. 13 He praised Daniel in the lions’ den and called him blessed. 14 He reminded you of the scripture of Isaiah that says, “Even if you pass through fire, the flame will not burn you.”⁠ 15 He sang to you the words of David the psalmist, who says, “Many are the afflictions of the righteous.” 16 He quoted to you the proverb of Solomon, which says, “It is a tree of life for those who do his will.” 17 He used to confirm what Ezekiel said: “Will these dry bones live?”⁠ 18 Nor did he forget to teach you the song that Moses taught, which says, 19 ‘I kill and I make alive.’ This is your life and the length of your days.”

The Fate of the Tyrant and the Martyrs

20 How bitter was that day, and yet not bitter, when the bitter Greek tyrant quenched fire with fire in his cruel cauldrons, and in his boiling rage brought the seven sons of the daughter of Abraham to the torture machine and to all his tortures again! 21 He blinded the pupils of their eyes, cut out their tongues, and put them to death with various tortures. 22 For these crimes divine justice has pursued and will pursue the cursed tyrant. 23 But the sons of Abraham, together with their victorious mother, are gathered into the chorus of their ancestors, having received pure and immortal souls from God. 24 To him be glory forever and ever. Amen.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 37:3 and 4 Maccabees 18:17

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

In Ezekiel 37, God asks the prophet whether the bones in a valley can live, then calls them dry bones. 4 Maccabees merges the two verses into one question, "Will these dry bones live?", though it drops the explicit resurrection language of 2 Maccabees.

Passages

Ezekiel 37:3

Hebrew Bible
1 The hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me out by the Spirit of the Lord and placed me in the midst of the valley, and it was full of bones. 2 He made me walk all around among them. I realized there were a great many bones in the valley, and they were very dry. 3 He said to me, “Son of man, can these bones live?” I said to him, “Sovereign Lord, you know.” 4 Then he said to me, “Prophesy over these bones, and tell them: ‘Dry bones, listen to the Lord’s message. 5 This is what the Sovereign Lord says to these bones: Look, I am about to infuse breath into you and you will live. 6 I will put tendons on you and muscles over you and will cover you with skin; I will put breath in you, and you will live. Then you will know that I am the Lord.’”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

4 Maccabees 18:17

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
10 While he was still with you, he taught you the law and the prophets. 11 He read to you about Abel killed by Cain, Isaac offered as a burnt offering, and Joseph in prison. 12 He told you about the zealous Phinehas, and taught you about Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael in the fire. 13 He praised Daniel in the lions’ den and called him blessed. 14 He reminded you of the scripture of Isaiah that says, “Even if you pass through fire, the flame will not burn you.” 15 He sang to you the words of David the psalmist, who says, “Many are the afflictions of the righteous.” 16 He quoted to you the proverb of Solomon, which says, “It is a tree of life for those who do his will.” 17 He used to confirm what Ezekiel said: “Will these dry bones live?” 18 Nor did he forget to teach you the song that Moses taught, which says, 19 ‘I kill and I make alive.’ This is your life and the length of your days.”
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“... Clearly, 4 Maccabees expresses the martyrs’ future hopes in different terms than 2 Maccabees. However, it does not necessarily follow that Auctor denies a bodily resurrection simply because he omits his source’s explicit resurrection language. Auctor writes with a different purpose, to stress the superiority of devout reason over the passions, and his portrayal of the martyrdoms directly serves this aim (1:7–12; 6:31–35). [...] Scholars often overlook or underestimate the significance of 18:17 for determining 4 Maccabees’ future hope. In 18:10–19, Auctor summarizes the father’s scriptural teaching to his sons concerning the suffering, divine protection, and vindication which comes to the righteous. According to 18:17, the father “used to confirm Ezekiel, who said, ‘Shall these dry bones live?’” This citation follows Ezekiel 37:3 LXX, with the adjective “dry” (ξηρά) taken from 37:4. Ezekiel’s prophecy of Yahweh breathing life into dry bones presents to hopeless, exiled Israel (cf. 37:11) a powerful hope of new creation (37:5). Israel will return to her land (37:14, 21), be empowered by the divine Spirit (37:11, 14), cleansed from defilement (37:23), and experience God’s presence and renewed covenant (37:23, 27–28). ...”
Brian Jordan Tabb, “Suffering in Ancient Worldview: A Comparative Study of Acts, Fourth Maccabees, and Seneca” (PhD diss., Middlesex University, 2013), 131.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 37:3 and 4 Maccabees 18:17

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