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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 32

1 When the people saw that Moses delayed in coming down from the mountain, they gathered around Aaron and said to him, “Get up, make us gods that will go before us. As for this fellow Moses, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him!”⁠ 2 So Aaron said to them, “Break off the gold earrings that are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.”⁠ 3 So all the people broke off the gold earrings that were on their ears and brought them to Aaron.⁠ 4 He accepted the gold from them, fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made a molten calf.⁠ Then they said, “These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.”⁠ 5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it,⁠ and Aaron made a proclamation and said, “Tomorrow will be a feast to the Lord.” 6 So they got up early on the next day and offered up burnt offerings and brought peace offerings, and the people sat down to eat and drink,⁠ and they rose up to play. 7 The Lord spoke to Moses, “Go quickly, descend, because your people, whom you brought up from the land of Egypt, have acted corruptly. 8 They have quickly turned aside from the way that I commanded them—they have made for themselves a molten calf and have bowed down to it and sacrificed to it and said, ‘These are your gods, O Israel, which brought you up from the land of Egypt.’” 9 Then the Lord said to Moses, “I have seen this people. Look what a stiff-necked people they are!⁠ 10 So now, leave me alone so that my anger can burn against them and I can destroy them, and I will make from you a great nation.” 11 But Moses sought the favor of the Lord his God and said, “O Lord, why does your anger burn against your people, whom you have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?⁠ 12 Why should the Egyptians say, ‘For evil he led them out to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from the face of the earth’?⁠ Turn from your burning anger, and relent of this evil against your people.⁠ 13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel your servants, to whom you swore by yourself⁠ and told them, ‘I will multiply your descendants like the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken about I will give to your descendants, and they will inherit it forever.’” 14 Then the Lord relented over the evil that he had said he would do to his people. 15 Moses turned and went down from the mountain with the two tablets of the testimony in his hands. The tablets were written on both sides—they were written on the front and on the back. 16 Now the tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tablets. 17 When Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, “It is the sound of war in the camp!” 18 Moses said, “It is not the sound of those who shout for victory, nor is it the sound of those who cry because they are overcome, but the sound of singing I hear.” 19 When he approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, Moses became extremely angry. He threw the tablets from his hands and broke them to pieces at the bottom of the mountain. 20 He took the calf they had made and burned it in the fire, ground it to powder, poured it out on the water, and made the Israelites drink it.⁠ 21 Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people do to you, that you have brought on them so great a sin?” 22 Aaron said, “Do not let your anger burn hot, my lord; you know these people, that they tend to evil. 23 They said to me, ‘Make us gods that will go before us, for as for this fellow Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has happened to him.’ 24 So I said to them, ‘Whoever has gold, break it off.’ So they gave it to me, and I threw it into the fire, and this calf came out.” 25 Moses saw that the people were running wild, for Aaron had let them get completely out of control, causing derision from their enemies.⁠ 26 So Moses stood at the entrance of the camp and said, “Whoever is for the Lord, come to me.” All the Levites gathered around him, 27 and he said to them, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel, has said ‘Each man fasten his sword on his side, and go back and forth from entrance to entrance throughout the camp, and each one kill his brother, his friend, and his neighbor.’” 28 The Levites did what Moses ordered, and that day about 3,000 men of the people died. 29 Moses said, “You have been consecrated today for the Lord, for each of you was against his son or against his brother, so he has given a blessing to you today.” 30 The next day Moses said to the people, “You have committed a very serious sin, but now I will go up to the Lord—perhaps I can make atonement on behalf of your sin.” 31 So Moses returned to the Lord and said, “Alas, this people has committed a very serious sin, and they have made for themselves gods of gold. 32 But now, if you will forgive their sin…, but if not, wipe me out from your book that you have written.”⁠ 33 The Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against me—that person I will wipe out of my book. 34 So now go, lead the people to the place I have spoken to you about. See, my angel will go before you. But on the day that I punish, I will indeed punish them for their sin.” 35 And the Lord sent a plague on the people because they had made the calf—the one Aaron made.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 32:4 and 1 Kings 12:28

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In 1 Kings 12, Jeroboam is depicted as setting up golden calves at Bethel and Dan, mirroring Exodus 32, where Aaron fashions a golden calf while Moses is with God. This may reflect how Exodus was edited to match later events in Israel's history.

Passages

Exodus 32:4

Hebrew Bible
2 So Aaron said to them, “Break off the gold earrings that are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.” 3 So all the people broke off the gold earrings that were on their ears and brought them to Aaron. 4 He accepted the gold from them, fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made a molten calf. Then they said, “These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.” 5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it, and Aaron made a proclamation and said, “Tomorrow will be a feast to the Lord.” 6 So they got up early on the next day and offered up burnt offerings and brought peace offerings, and the people sat down to eat and drink, and they rose up to play.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 12:28

Hebrew Bible
26 Jeroboam then thought to himself: “Now the Davidic dynasty could regain the kingdom. 27 If these people go up to offer sacrifices in the Lord’s temple in Jerusalem, their loyalty could shift to their former master, King Rehoboam of Judah. They might kill me and return to King Rehoboam of Judah.” 28 After the king had consulted with his advisers, he made two golden calves. Then he said to the people, “It is too much trouble for you to go up to Jerusalem. Look, Israel, here are your gods who brought you up from the land of Egypt.” 29 He put one in Bethel and the other in Dan. 30 This caused Israel to sin; the people went to Bethel and Dan to worship the calves.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Aaron's construction of the calf fits well with the use of bovine symbolism and zoomorphic imagery all over the Ancient Near East. The bull, a symbol of strength and potency, was a natural choice to represent significant aspects of divinity. In Ugarit, the god El was referred to as "Bull-El," and there are clear indications that Baal—the ancient god of rain, storms, and fertility who was worshiped all over Syria-Palestine - had bovine aspects. Material remains relevant to the golden calf episode come from the northern Samaritan hills, which yielded an open cult site from Iron Age I ... In other words, the archaeological find from northern Israel fits perfectly with the realistic setting of 1 Kings 12. Let us return to the golden calf episode in the allegorical setting of Exodus 32 ... Exodus 32 allegorizes the events narrated in 1 Kings 12, and Aaron is an allegory of Jeroboam. From the perspective of the Judahite narrator, all of Jeroboam's cultic actions must be sinful because he is a sinner, and no opportunity to document his sinfulness should be ignored. In 1 Kings 12:31, the accusation against Jeroboam descends into absurdity ..."
S. David Sperling, The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible's Writers, Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 107–108.
"... Why do the people say "These are your gods, Israel..." when there is only one calf? Why do they say that brought you up from the land of Egypt" when the calf was not made until they were out of Egypt? The answer seems to lie in the account of King Jeroboam in the book of 1 Kings. It states there that when Jeroboam made his two golden calves he declared to his people, "Here are your gods, Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt." The people's words in Exodus are identical to Jeroboam's words in 1 Kings. It would be difficult for us to trace the textual history of these two passages now, but at minimum we can say that the writer of the golden calf account in Exodus seems to have taken the words that were traditionally ascribed to Jeroboam and placed them in the mouths of the people. This made the connection between his golden calf story and the golden calves of the kingdom of Israel crystal clear to his readers ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, Who Wrote the Bible? (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 73.
"... According to this story, Jeroboam, the Moses-like savior of Israel, is the legitimate king, chosen by God and appointed by his prophet, Ahijah, and by the people themselves. But in the context of the broader book of Kings, this positive portrayal is puzzling ... From this point forward in Kings, Jeroboam is depicted as wicked in the eyes of God. First, fearing that his followers would return to Rehoboam if they continue to worship in Jerusalem, Jeroboam sets up new worship places in Dan and Bethel, and erects in each of them a golden calf ..."
Tzvi Novick, The Depiction of Jeroboam and Hadad as Moses-like Saviors (TheTorah.com, 2018), 1–6.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 32:4 and 1 Kings 12:28

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