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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 12

1 Rehoboam traveled to Shechem, for all Israel had gathered in Shechem to make Rehoboam king. 2 When Jeroboam son of Nebat heard the news, he was still in Egypt, where he had fled from King Solomon and had been living ever since. 3 They sent for him, and Jeroboam and the whole Israelite assembly came and spoke to Rehoboam, saying,⁠ 4 “Your father made us work too hard.⁠ Now if you lighten the demands he made and don’t make us work as hard, we will serve you.” 5 He said to them, “Go away for three days, then return to me.” So the people went away. 6 King Rehoboam consulted with the older advisers who had served his father Solomon when he had been alive. He asked them, “How do you advise me to answer these people?” 7 They said to him, “Today if you will be a servant to these people and grant their request, speaking kind words to them, they will be your servants from this time forward.” 8 But Rehoboam rejected their advice and consulted the young advisers who served him, with whom he had grown up.⁠ 9 He asked them, “How do you advise me to respond to these people who said to me, ‘Lessen the demands your father placed on us’?” 10 The young advisers with whom Rehoboam had grown up said to him, “Say this to these people who have said to you, ‘Your father made us work hard, but now lighten our burden.’ Say this to them: ‘I am a lot harsher than my father! 11 My father imposed heavy demands on you; I will make them even heavier. My father punished you with ordinary whips; I will punish you with whips that really sting your flesh.’” 12 Jeroboam and all the people reported to Rehoboam on the third day, just as the king had ordered when he said, “Return to me on the third day.” 13 The king responded to the people harshly. He rejected the advice of the older men 14 and followed the advice of the younger ones. He said, “My father imposed heavy demands on you; I will make them even heavier. My father punished you with ordinary whips; I will punish you with whips that really sting your flesh.”⁠ 15 The king refused to listen to the people, because the Lord was instigating this turn of events so that he might bring to pass the prophetic announcement he had made through Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam son of Nebat. 16 When all Israel saw that the king refused to listen to them, the people answered the king, “We have no portion in David, no share in the son of Jesse! Return to your tents28, O Israel!⁠ Now, look after your own dynasty, O David!” So Israel returned to their homes. 17 (Rehoboam continued to rule over the Israelites who lived in the cities of Judah.) 18 King Rehoboam sent Adoniram, the supervisor of the work crews, out after them, but all Israel stoned him to death. King Rehoboam managed to jump into his chariot and escape to Jerusalem. 19 So Israel has been in rebellion against the Davidic dynasty to this very day. 20 When all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, they summoned him to the assembly and made him king over all Israel. No one except the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the Davidic dynasty. 21 When Rehoboam arrived in Jerusalem, he summoned 180,000 skilled warriors from all Judah and the tribe of Benjamin to attack Israel and restore the kingdom to Rehoboam son of Solomon. 22 But God told Shemaiah the prophet, 23 “Say this to King Rehoboam son of Solomon of Judah, and to all Judah and Benjamin, as well as the rest of the people, 24 ‘This is what the Lord has said: “Do not attack and make war with your brothers, the Israelites. Each of you go home. Indeed this thing has happened because of me.”’” So they obeyed the Lord’s message. They went home in keeping with the Lord’s message. 25 Jeroboam built up Shechem in the Ephraimite hill country and lived there.⁠ From there he went out and built up Penuel.⁠ 26 Jeroboam then thought to himself: “Now the Davidic dynasty could regain the kingdom. 27 If these people go up to offer sacrifices in the Lord’s temple in Jerusalem, their loyalty could shift to their former master, King Rehoboam of Judah. They might kill me and return to King Rehoboam of Judah.” 28 After the king had consulted with his advisers, he made two golden calves.⁠ Then he said to the people, “It is too much trouble for you to go up to Jerusalem. Look, Israel, here are your gods who brought you up from the land of Egypt.”⁠ 29 He put one in Bethel and the other in Dan. 30 This caused Israel to sin; the people went to Bethel and Dan to worship the calves. 31 He built temples on the high places and appointed as priests common people who were not Levites. 32 Jeroboam inaugurated a festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, like the festival celebrated in Judah.⁠ On the altar in Bethel he offered sacrifices to the calves he had made. In Bethel he also appointed priests for the high places he had made. 33 On the fifteenth day of the eighth month (a date he had arbitrarily chosen) Jeroboam offered sacrifices on the altar he had made in Bethel. He inaugurated a festival for the Israelites and went up to the altar to offer sacrifices.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 32:4 and 1 Kings 12:28

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In 1 Kings 12, Jeroboam is depicted as setting up golden calves at Bethel and Dan, mirroring Exodus 32, where Aaron fashions a golden calf while Moses is with God. This may reflect how Exodus was edited to match later events in Israel's history.

Passages

Exodus 32:4

Hebrew Bible
2 So Aaron said to them, “Break off the gold earrings that are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.” 3 So all the people broke off the gold earrings that were on their ears and brought them to Aaron. 4 He accepted the gold from them, fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made a molten calf. Then they said, “These are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of Egypt.” 5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it, and Aaron made a proclamation and said, “Tomorrow will be a feast to the Lord.” 6 So they got up early on the next day and offered up burnt offerings and brought peace offerings, and the people sat down to eat and drink, and they rose up to play.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 12:28

Hebrew Bible
26 Jeroboam then thought to himself: “Now the Davidic dynasty could regain the kingdom. 27 If these people go up to offer sacrifices in the Lord’s temple in Jerusalem, their loyalty could shift to their former master, King Rehoboam of Judah. They might kill me and return to King Rehoboam of Judah.” 28 After the king had consulted with his advisers, he made two golden calves. Then he said to the people, “It is too much trouble for you to go up to Jerusalem. Look, Israel, here are your gods who brought you up from the land of Egypt.” 29 He put one in Bethel and the other in Dan. 30 This caused Israel to sin; the people went to Bethel and Dan to worship the calves.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Aaron's construction of the calf fits well with the use of bovine symbolism and zoomorphic imagery all over the Ancient Near East. The bull, a symbol of strength and potency, was a natural choice to represent significant aspects of divinity. In Ugarit, the god El was referred to as "Bull-El," and there are clear indications that Baal—the ancient god of rain, storms, and fertility who was worshiped all over Syria-Palestine - had bovine aspects. Material remains relevant to the golden calf episode come from the northern Samaritan hills, which yielded an open cult site from Iron Age I ... In other words, the archaeological find from northern Israel fits perfectly with the realistic setting of 1 Kings 12. Let us return to the golden calf episode in the allegorical setting of Exodus 32 ... Exodus 32 allegorizes the events narrated in 1 Kings 12, and Aaron is an allegory of Jeroboam. From the perspective of the Judahite narrator, all of Jeroboam's cultic actions must be sinful because he is a sinner, and no opportunity to document his sinfulness should be ignored. In 1 Kings 12:31, the accusation against Jeroboam descends into absurdity ..."
S. David Sperling, The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible's Writers, Reappraisals in Jewish Social and Intellectual History (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 107–108.
"... Why do the people say "These are your gods, Israel..." when there is only one calf? Why do they say that brought you up from the land of Egypt" when the calf was not made until they were out of Egypt? The answer seems to lie in the account of King Jeroboam in the book of 1 Kings. It states there that when Jeroboam made his two golden calves he declared to his people, "Here are your gods, Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt." The people's words in Exodus are identical to Jeroboam's words in 1 Kings. It would be difficult for us to trace the textual history of these two passages now, but at minimum we can say that the writer of the golden calf account in Exodus seems to have taken the words that were traditionally ascribed to Jeroboam and placed them in the mouths of the people. This made the connection between his golden calf story and the golden calves of the kingdom of Israel crystal clear to his readers ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, Who Wrote the Bible? (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 73.
"... According to this story, Jeroboam, the Moses-like savior of Israel, is the legitimate king, chosen by God and appointed by his prophet, Ahijah, and by the people themselves. But in the context of the broader book of Kings, this positive portrayal is puzzling ... From this point forward in Kings, Jeroboam is depicted as wicked in the eyes of God. First, fearing that his followers would return to Rehoboam if they continue to worship in Jerusalem, Jeroboam sets up new worship places in Dan and Bethel, and erects in each of them a golden calf ..."
Tzvi Novick, The Depiction of Jeroboam and Hadad as Moses-like Saviors (TheTorah.com, 2018), 1–6.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 32:4 and 1 Kings 12:28

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