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About this book

Exodus

About this book

God Calls Moses

Chapter 3

1 Now Moses was shepherding the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian,⁠ and he led the flock to the far side of the desert⁠ and came to the mountain⁠ of God, to Horeb. 2 The angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from within a bush.⁠ He looked, and the bush was ablaze with fire, but it was not being consumed!⁠ 3 So Moses thought, “I will turn aside to see this amazing sight. Why does the bush not burn up?” 4 When the Lord saw that he had turned aside to look, God called to him from within the bush and said, “Moses, Moses!” And Moses said, “Here I am.”⁠ 5 God said, “Do not approach any closer! Take your sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.”⁠ 6 He added, “I am the God of your father,⁠ the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God.⁠ 7 The Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people⁠ who are in Egypt. I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.⁠ 8 I have come down to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up from that land to a land that is both good and spacious, to a land flowing with milk and honey,⁠ to the region of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. 9 And now indeed the cry of the Israelites has come to me,⁠ and I have also seen how severely the Egyptians oppress them. 10 So now go, and I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt.” 11 Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, or that I should bring the Israelites out of Egypt?”⁠ 12 He replied, “Surely I will be with you,⁠ and this will be the sign to you that I have sent you: When you bring the people out of Egypt, you and they will serve God at this mountain.” 13 Moses said to God, “If I go to the Israelites and tell them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’—what should I say to them?” 14 God said to Moses, “I AM that I AM.”⁠ And he said, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”⁠ 15 God also said to Moses, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘The Lord—the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you. This is my name forever, and this is my memorial from generation to generation.’⁠ 16 “Go and bring together the elders of Israel and tell them, ‘The Lord, the God of your fathers, appeared to me—the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—saying, “I have attended carefully to you and to what has been done to you in Egypt, 17 and I have promised that I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey.”’ 18 “The elders will listen to you, and then you and the elders of Israel must go to the king of Egypt and tell him, ‘The Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us. So now, let us go three days’ journey into the wilderness, so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God.’ 19 But I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go, not even under force. 20 So I will extend my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders that I will do among them,⁠ and after that he will release you. 21 “I will grant this people favor with the Egyptians, so that when you depart you will not leave empty-handed. 22 Every woman will ask her neighbor and the one who happens to be staying in her house for items of silver and gold and for clothing. You will put these articles on your sons and daughters—thus you will plunder Egypt!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 3:11 and Esther 4:11

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Esther is described as reluctant to visit the king to plead for the release of the Jewish people, echoing the story of Moses in Exodus who is similarly reluctant to visit Pharaoh to plead for the lives of the Israelites.

Passages

Exodus 3:11

Hebrew Bible
9 And now indeed the cry of the Israelites has come to me, and I have also seen how severely the Egyptians oppress them. 10 So now go, and I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt.” 11 Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, or that I should bring the Israelites out of Egypt?” 12 He replied, “Surely I will be with you, and this will be the sign to you that I have sent you: When you bring the people out of Egypt, you and they will serve God at this mountain.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Esther 4:11

Hebrew Bible
9 So Hathach returned and related Mordecai’s instructions to Esther. 10 Then Esther replied to Hathach with instructions for Mordecai: 11 “All the servants of the king and the people of the king’s provinces know that there is only one law applicable to any man or woman who comes uninvited to the king in the inner court—that person will be put to death, unless the king extends to him the gold scepter, permitting him to be spared. Now I have not been invited to come to the king for some 30 days.” 12 When Esther’s reply was conveyed to Mordecai, 13 he said to take back this answer to Esther: “Don’t imagine that because you are part of the king’s household you will be the one Jew who will escape.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Esther

References

"... Our second example is the Esther story. In the sixties and seventies of the previous century, Gillis Gerleman developed and published the thesis that the Book of Esther is a remodeling of the Exodus story. Although working thoroughly within the framework of the historical-critical paradigm and using none of the technical jargon on intertextuality that has since become the vogue, he convincingly demonstrated the presence of what is no less than an exquisite example of intentional intertextuality. Both Esther and Moses are Israelites/Jews who come into a key position at a foreign court. At the beginning the identity of both remains unnoticed. In both stories two main characters act on behalf of their threatened people (Moses and Aaron in the one and Esther and Mordecai in the other case). Aaron speaks for Moses (Exodus 4:10-16) and Mordecai is the silent power behind Esther (he only speaks in Esther 4:13-14). Esther is at first daunted by her task like Moses (Exodus 4), but both afterwards become the heroes of their people ..."
James Alfred Loader, “Intertextuality in Multi-Layered Texts of the Old Testament,” OTE 21.2 (2008): 391–403.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 3:11 and Esther 4:11

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