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About this book

Exodus

About this book

God Calls Moses

Chapter 3

1 Now Moses was shepherding the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian,⁠ and he led the flock to the far side of the desert⁠ and came to the mountain⁠ of God, to Horeb. 2 The angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from within a bush.⁠ He looked, and the bush was ablaze with fire, but it was not being consumed!⁠ 3 So Moses thought, “I will turn aside to see this amazing sight. Why does the bush not burn up?” 4 When the Lord saw that he had turned aside to look, God called to him from within the bush and said, “Moses, Moses!” And Moses said, “Here I am.”⁠ 5 God said, “Do not approach any closer! Take your sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.”⁠ 6 He added, “I am the God of your father,⁠ the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God.⁠ 7 The Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people⁠ who are in Egypt. I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.⁠ 8 I have come down to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up from that land to a land that is both good and spacious, to a land flowing with milk and honey,⁠ to the region of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites. 9 And now indeed the cry of the Israelites has come to me,⁠ and I have also seen how severely the Egyptians oppress them. 10 So now go, and I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt.” 11 Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, or that I should bring the Israelites out of Egypt?”⁠ 12 He replied, “Surely I will be with you,⁠ and this will be the sign to you that I have sent you: When you bring the people out of Egypt, you and they will serve God at this mountain.” 13 Moses said to God, “If I go to the Israelites and tell them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’—what should I say to them?” 14 God said to Moses, “I AM that I AM.”⁠ And he said, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”⁠ 15 God also said to Moses, “You must say this to the Israelites, ‘The Lord—the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you. This is my name forever, and this is my memorial from generation to generation.’⁠ 16 “Go and bring together the elders of Israel and tell them, ‘The Lord, the God of your fathers, appeared to me—the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—saying, “I have attended carefully to you and to what has been done to you in Egypt, 17 and I have promised that I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, to a land flowing with milk and honey.”’ 18 “The elders will listen to you, and then you and the elders of Israel must go to the king of Egypt and tell him, ‘The Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us. So now, let us go three days’ journey into the wilderness, so that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God.’ 19 But I know that the king of Egypt will not let you go, not even under force. 20 So I will extend my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders that I will do among them,⁠ and after that he will release you. 21 “I will grant this people favor with the Egyptians, so that when you depart you will not leave empty-handed. 22 Every woman will ask her neighbor and the one who happens to be staying in her house for items of silver and gold and for clothing. You will put these articles on your sons and daughters—thus you will plunder Egypt!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 3:1 and Onkelos Exodus 3:1

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Exodus 3, Moses leads the sheep “to the far side of the wilderness,” an unusual place to take sheep. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos adds that he brought the sheep to a “good grazing site,” to remove any hint that Moses was a bad shepherd.

Passages

Exodus 3:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Now Moses was shepherding the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian, and he led the flock to the far side of the desert and came to the mountain of God, to Horeb. 2 The angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire from within a bush. He looked, and the bush was ablaze with fire, but it was not being consumed! 3 So Moses thought, “I will turn aside to see this amazing sight. Why does the bush not burn up?”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 3:1

Targum
1 And Moses was tending the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, the chief of Midian, and he led the flock to the place of the best pastures of the wilderness, and came to the mountain on which the glory of the Lord was revealed, to Horeb. 2 And the Angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire in the middle of a bush. And he looked, and saw the bush burning with fire, yet the bush was not consumed. 3 And Moses said, I will turn aside now and see this great sight, why the bush is not burned up.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

"... 'Good grazing site' ... This phrase is missing in the Bible and added by Onkelos to clarify why Moses took the flock into the desert, a problem that troubled biblical commentators. The Hebrew phrase achar hamidbar, which the targumist translates as 'to the wilderness,' is more accurately translated by Saadiah, in his Arabic translation, as 'to the edge of the wilderness' ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 13.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 3:1 and Onkelos Exodus 3:1

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