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Exodus

About this book

The Birth and Flight of Moses

Chapter 2

1 A man from the household of Levi married a woman who was a descendant of Levi. 2 The woman became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw that he was a good child8,⁠ she hid him for three months. 3 But when she was no longer able to hide him, she took a papyrus basket for him and sealed it with bitumen and pitch.⁠ She put the child in it and set it among the reeds along the edge of the Nile.⁠ 4 His sister stationed herself at a distance to find out what would happen to him.⁠ 5 Then the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself by the Nile, while her attendants were walking alongside the river, and she saw the basket among the reeds. She sent one of her attendants, took it,⁠ 6 opened it, and saw the child—a boy, crying!—and she felt compassion for him and said, “This is one of the Hebrews’ children.” 7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and get a nursing woman for you from the Hebrews, so that she may nurse the child for you?” 8 Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Yes, do so.” So the young girl went and got the child’s mother. 9 Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Take this child and nurse him for me, and I will pay your wages.” So the woman took the child and nursed him. 10 When the child grew older she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses, saying, “Because I drew him from the water.” 11 In those days, when Moses had grown up, he went out to his people and observed their hard labor, and he saw an Egyptian man attacking a Hebrew man, one of his own people. 12 He looked this way and that and saw that no one was there, and then he attacked the Egyptian and concealed the body in the sand. 13 When he went out the next day, there were two Hebrew men fighting. So he said to the one who was in the wrong, “Why are you attacking your fellow Hebrew?” 14 The man replied, “Who made you a ruler and a judge over us? Are you planning to kill me like you killed that Egyptian?” Then Moses was afraid, thinking, “Surely what I did has become known.” 15 When Pharaoh heard about this event, he sought to kill Moses. So Moses fled from Pharaoh and settled in the land of Midian, and he settled by a certain well.⁠ 16 Now a priest of Midian had seven daughters, and they came and began to draw water and fill the troughs in order to water their father’s flock. 17 When some shepherds came and drove them away, Moses came up and defended them and then watered their flock.⁠ 18 So when they came home to their father Reuel, he asked, “Why have you come home so early today?” 19 They said, “An Egyptian man rescued us from the shepherds, and he actually drew water for us and watered the flock!” 20 He said to his daughters, “So where is he? Why in the world did you leave the man? Call him, so that he may eat a meal with us.” 21 Moses agreed to stay with the man, and he gave his daughter Zipporah to Moses in marriage. 22 When she bore a son, Moses named him Gershom, for he said, “I have become a resident foreigner in a foreign land.”⁠ 23 During that long period of time the king of Egypt died, and the Israelites groaned because of the slave labor. They cried out, and their desperate cry because of their slave labor went up to God.⁠ 24 God heard their groaning;⁠ God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.⁠ 25 God saw the Israelites, and God understood.⁠

Texts in conversation

Moses and Sargon in Baskets on the River

Hebrew Bible · Ancient Near East, Assyrian

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Summary

The Sargon Legend describes a mother placing Sargon in a reed basket sealed with bitumen on the river. Exodus similarly describes Moses hidden as a baby and placed in a basket sealed with bitumen in the Nile, echoing this ancient Near Eastern tradition.

Passages

Exodus 2:3

Hebrew Bible
1 A man from the household of Levi married a woman who was a descendant of Levi. 2 The woman became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw that he was a good child8, she hid him for three months. 3 But when she was no longer able to hide him, she took a papyrus basket for him and sealed it with bitumen and pitch. She put the child in it and set it among the reeds along the edge of the Nile. 4 His sister stationed herself at a distance to find out what would happen to him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

The Sargon Legend I:1-10

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · The Sargon Birth Legend
1 I am Sargon, the mighty king, king of Agade. 2 My mother was a high priestess; I did not know my father. 3 My father's brother lives in the mountain. 4 My city is Azupiranu, which lies on the bank of the Euphrates. 5 My mother, the high priestess, conceived me; she gave birth to me in secret. 6 She placed me in a basket of reeds; she sealed my opening with bitumen. 7 She cast me into the river, from which I could not climb out. 8 The river carried me to Akki, the irrigator. 9 Akki, the irrigator, lifted me out while lowering his bucket. 10 Akki, the irrigator, raised me as his own son.
725–700 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Sargon Legend

References

"... Traditions connected with the birth of Sargon are reflected in the story of Moses. Sargon was born in secret to a priestess, put into the river in a basket of rushes, and rescued by a water drawer named Akki; later, the goddess Ishtar elevated Sargon to the throne. Similarly, Moses was born in secret and set adrift in a basket on the Nile River, only to be discovered by an Egyptian princess and raised as her own son. Moses eventually left Egypt but was called by Yahweh to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. The parallels are clear, but not unique to these two individuals. There are also similarities to the story of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, who were also born to a priestess and set adrift, only to be found by a she-wolf and then raised by a shepherd. It is difficult to say whether there is any direct influence among the three versions or simply a common tradition, but the latter does not lessen the fact that the details of Moses’ birth were not unique in the ancient world ..."
John L. McLaughlin, The Ancient Near East: An Essential Guide (Nashville: Abingdon, 2012), 14–15.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 2:3 and The Sargon Legend I:1-10

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