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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 13

1 The Lord spoke to Moses, 2 “Set apart to me every firstborn male—the first offspring of every womb among the Israelites, whether human or animal; it is mine.” 3 Moses said to the people, “Remember this day on which you came out from Egypt, from the place where you were enslaved, for the Lord brought you out of there with a mighty hand—and⁠ no bread made with yeast may be eaten. 4 On this day, in the month of Abib, you are going out. 5 “When the Lord brings you to the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Hivites, and Jebusites, which he swore to your fathers to give you,⁠ a land flowing with milk and honey, then you will keep this ceremony in this month. 6 For seven days you must eat bread made without yeast, and on the seventh day there is to be a festival to the Lord. 7 Bread made without yeast must be eaten for seven days; no bread made with yeast shall be seen among you, and you must have no yeast among you within any of your borders. 8 “You are to tell your son on that day, ‘It is because of what the Lord did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ 9 It will be a sign for you on your hand and a memorial on your forehead, so that the law of the Lord may be in your mouth, for with a mighty hand the Lord brought you out of Egypt. 10 So you must keep this ordinance at its appointed time from year to year. 11 “When the Lord brings you into the land of the Canaanites, as he swore to you and to your fathers, and gives it to you, 12 then you must give over to the Lord the first offspring of every womb. Every firstling of a beast that you have—the males will be the Lord’s.⁠ 13 Every firstling of a donkey you must redeem with a lamb, and if you do not redeem it, then you must break its neck. Every firstborn of your sons you must redeem. 14 “In the future, when your son asks you ‘What is this?’ you are to tell him, ‘With a mighty hand the Lord brought us out from Egypt, from the land of slavery.⁠ 15 When Pharaoh stubbornly refused to release us, the Lord killed all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of people to the firstborn of animals. That is why I am sacrificing to the Lord the first male offspring of every womb, but all my firstborn sons I redeem.’ 16 It will be for a sign on your hand and for frontlets on your forehead,⁠ for with a mighty hand the Lord brought us out of Egypt.”⁠

Deliverance at the Sea

17 When Pharaoh released the people, God did not lead them by the way to the land of the Philistines, although that was nearby, for God said, “Lest the people change their minds and return to Egypt when they experience war.” 18 So God brought the people around by the way of the wilderness to the Red Sea, and the Israelites went up from the land of Egypt prepared for battle.⁠ 19 Moses took the bones of Joseph with him,⁠ for Joseph had made the Israelites solemnly swear, “God will surely attend to you, and you will carry my bones up from this place with you.” 20 They journeyed from Sukkoth and camped in Etham, on the edge of the desert. 21 Now the Lord was going before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them in the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light,⁠ so that they could travel day or night. 22 He did not remove the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night from before the people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 13:18 and LXX Exodus 13:18

Hebrew Bible · Septuagint

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Summary

Exodus 13 says the Israelites left Egypt "prepared for battle," but the Greek Septuagint changes this to "in the fifth generation," connecting a rare Hebrew word to the number five instead of its military meaning, and harmonizing it with Exodus 6.

Passages

Exodus 13:18

Hebrew Bible
17 When Pharaoh released the people, God did not lead them by the way to the land of the Philistines, although that was nearby, for God said, “Lest the people change their minds and return to Egypt when they experience war.” 18 So God brought the people around by the way of the wilderness to the Red Sea, and the Israelites went up from the land of Egypt prepared for battle. 19 Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for Joseph had made the Israelites solemnly swear, “God will surely attend to you, and you will carry my bones up from this place with you.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

LXX Exodus 13:18

Septuagint
17 And when Pharaoh sent forth the people, God did not lead them by the way of the land of the Philistines, because it was near; for God said, For fear that at any time the people repent when they see war, and return to Egypt. 18 And God led the people round by the way to the wilderness, to the Red Sea: and in the fifth generation the children of Israel went up out of the land of Egypt. 19 And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for Joseph had solemnly adjured the children of Israel, saying, The Lord will surely visit you, and you shall carry up my bones from here with you.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Exodus

References

"... The exegetical options are to take a presumed etymology from חמש, "five," or to look at other contexts in which חֲמֻשִׁים turns up. Note that Aquila does not etymologize here (unlike Theodotion and LXX, who connect חמש with the numeral). Aquila and Symmachus have similar interpretations based on other military contexts for this word: Symmachus's equivalent is used once by LXX at Num 32:21 for חָלוּץ. ..."
Alison Salvesen, “Midrash in Greek?” in On Stone and Scroll: Essays in Honour of Graham Ivor Davies (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2011), 528–529.
"... For ExodB's "fifth generation" (πέμπτη ... γενεᾷ), Theod reads πεμπταίζοντες, "on the fifth day." But the Heb. more commonly means "armed in battle array" (cf. Targ Ps-J, Targ Onq, Syr, Vulg; Aq ἐνωπλισμένοι, Sym ὁπλῖται; cf. LXX Josh 1.14; 4.12; Auld 2005, 117; see BS 1989, 160). Exod is here consistent with 6.16 ff., which indicates four generations of Israelites' stay in Egypt. ..."
Daniel M. Gurtner, Exodus: A Commentary on the Greek Text of Codex Vaticanus (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 328.
"... A certain amount of smoothing and harmonisation on the translational level has been noted. For instance, in the account of the theophany at Sinai, the Greek clarifies when it will be safe for the people to touch the mountain (Exod. 19.13). Elsewhere the translation says that Moses stretched out his staff towards the heavens rather than over the whole land of Egypt (10.13), and explains חמשים "prepared for battle" (13.18) to mean "in the fifth generation" (πέμπτῃ δὲ γενεᾷ) on the basis of 6.16-20 (Wevers, "How the Greek"). ..."
Alison Salvesen, “Exodus,” in The T&T Clark Companion to the Septuagint, ed. James K. Aitken, Bloomsbury Companions (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), 32.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 13:18 and LXX Exodus 13:18

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