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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 10

1 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, in order to display these signs of mine before him, 2 and in order that in the hearing of your son and your grandson you may tell how I made fools of the Egyptians⁠ and about my signs that I displayed among them, so that you may know that I am the Lord.” 3 So Moses and Aaron came to Pharaoh and told him, “This is what the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has said: ‘How long do you refuse to humble yourself before me? Release my people so that they may serve me! 4 But if you refuse to release my people, I am going to bring locusts into your territory tomorrow. 5 They will cover the eye17 of the earth, so that you will be unable to see the ground.⁠ They will eat the remainder of what escaped—what is left over for you—from the hail, and they will eat every tree that grows for you from the field. 6 They will fill your houses, the houses of your servants, and all the houses of Egypt, such as neither your fathers nor your grandfathers have seen since they have been in the land until this day!’” Then Moses turned and went out from Pharaoh. 7 Pharaoh’s servants said to him, “How long will this man be a menace to us? Release the people so that they may serve the Lord their God. Do you not know that Egypt is destroyed?” 8 So Moses and Aaron were brought back to Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, serve the Lord your God. Exactly who is going with you?” 9 Moses said, “We will go with our young and our old, with our sons and our daughters, and with our sheep and our cattle we will go, because we are to hold a pilgrim feast for the Lord.” 10 He said to them, “The Lord will need to be with you if I release you and your dependents! Watch out! Trouble is right in front of you. 11 No! Go, you men only, and serve the Lord, for that is what you want.” Then Moses and Aaron were driven out of Pharaoh’s presence. 12 The Lord said to Moses, “Extend your hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up over the land of Egypt and eat everything that grows in the ground, everything that the hail has left.” 13 So Moses extended his staff over the land of Egypt, and then the Lord brought an east wind on the land all that day and all night. The morning came, and the east wind had brought up the locusts!⁠ 14 The locusts went up over all the land of Egypt and settled down in all the territory of Egypt. It was very severe; there had been no locusts like them before, nor will there be such ever again.⁠ 15 They covered the surface of all the ground so that the ground became dark with them, and they ate all the vegetation of the ground and all the fruit of the trees that the hail had left. Nothing green remained on the trees or on anything that grew in the fields throughout the whole land of Egypt. 16 Then Pharaoh quickly summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “I have sinned against the Lord your God and against you!⁠ 17 So now, forgive my sin this time only, and pray to the Lord your God that he would only take this death away from me.” 18 Moses went out from Pharaoh and prayed to the Lord, 19 and the Lord turned a very strong west wind, and it picked up the locusts and blew them into the Red Sea. Not one locust remained in all the territory of Egypt. 20 But the Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he did not release the Israelites. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Extend your hand toward heaven so that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, a darkness so thick it can be felt.”⁠ 22 So Moses extended his hand toward heaven, and there was absolute darkness throughout the land of Egypt for three days. 23 No one could see another person, and no one could rise from his place for three days. But the Israelites had light in the places where they lived. 24 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and said, “Go, serve the Lord—only your flocks and herds will be detained. Even your families may go with you.” 25 But Moses said, “Will you also provide us with sacrifices and burnt offerings that we may present them to the Lord our God? 26 Our livestock must also go with us! Not a hoof is to be left behind! For we must take these animals to serve the Lord our God. Until we arrive there, we do not know what we must use to serve the Lord.” 27 But the Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he was not willing to release them. 28 Pharaoh said to him, “Go from me! Watch out for yourself! Do not appear before me again, for when you see my face you will die!”⁠ 29 Moses said, “As you wish! I will not see your face again.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 10:21 and Onkelos Exodus 10:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 10 describes the plague of darkness with a phrase usually read as darkness thick enough to feel. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos reads it as a time marker instead, saying the darkness began once the night’s own darkness had passed.

Passages

Exodus 10:21

Hebrew Bible
20 But the Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he did not release the Israelites. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Extend your hand toward heaven so that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, a darkness so thick it can be felt.” 22 So Moses extended his hand toward heaven, and there was absolute darkness throughout the land of Egypt for three days.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 10:21

Targum
20 Yet Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he would not send the sons of Israel away. 21 And the Lord said to Moses, Stretch out your hand toward heaven, and there shall be darkness over the land of Egypt after the darkness of the night has passed. 22 And Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days:
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

“... 21. LIFT UP YOUR HAND TOWARD THE HEAVEN. Rather than the biblical ‘stretch out your hand to the heaven.’ See commentary on 9:22. AFTER THE DARKNESS OF THE NIGHT DEPARTS. The Hebrew phrase vayamesh choshekh may be translated in many different ways. Rashi cites and disagrees with Onkelos, which states that the plague of darkness will commence ‘after the darkness of the night departs,’ that is, in the morning. Rashi translates the Hebrew, ‘the darkness of the plague will exceed the darkness of the night.’ Ibn Ezra understands it as the Mekhilta, ‘the darkness will be so intense that one can feel it’ (p. 340). ...”
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2006), 57–58.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 10:21 and Onkelos Exodus 10:21

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