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Ephesians

About this book
Chapter 6

1 Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. 2 “Honor your father and mother,” which is the first commandment accompanied by a promise, namely, 3 “that it will go well with you and that you will live a long time on the earth.” 4 Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but raise them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord. 5 Slaves, obey your human masters with fear and trembling, in the sincerity of your heart, as to Christ, 6 not like those who do their work only when someone is watching—as people-pleasers—but as slaves of Christ doing the will of God from the heart. 7 Obey with enthusiasm, as though serving the Lord and not people, 8 because you know that each person, whether slave or free, if he does something good, this will be rewarded by the Lord. 9 Masters, treat your slaves the same way, giving up the use of threats, because you know that both you and they have the same master in heaven, and there is no favoritism with him.⁠ 10 Finally, be strengthened in the Lord and in the strength of his power. 11 Clothe yourselves with the full armor of God, so that you will be able to stand against the schemes of the devil.⁠ 12 For our struggle is not against flesh and blood,⁠ but against the rulers, against the powers,⁠ against the world rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavens. 13 For this reason, take up the full armor of God so that you may be able to stand your ground on the evil day, and having done everything, to stand.⁠ 14 Stand firm therefore, by fastening the belt of truth around your waist, by putting on the breastplate of righteousness, 15 by fitting your feet with the preparation that comes from the good news of peace, 16 and in all of this, by taking up the shield of faith with which you can extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. 17 And take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit (which is the word of God). 18 With every prayer and petition, pray at all times in the Spirit, and to this end be alert, with all perseverance and petitions for all the saints. 19 Pray for me also, that I may be given the right words when I begin to speak—that I may confidently make known the mystery of the gospel, 20 for which I am an ambassador in chains. Pray that I may be able to speak boldly as I ought to speak. 21 Tychicus, my dear brother and faithful servant in the Lord, will make everything known to you, so that you too may know about my circumstances, how I am doing. 22 I have sent him to you for this very purpose, that you may know our circumstances and that he may encourage your hearts. 23 Peace to the brothers and sisters, and love with faith, from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. 24 Grace be with all those who love our Lord Jesus Christ with an undying love.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Isaiah 59:17 and Ephesians 6:13

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

Isaiah describes God wearing righteousness and salvation as his armor, preparing for battle. Ephesians reshapes this language, following Jewish traditions such as in the Wisdom of Solomon that teaches believers to wear these virtues themselves.

Passages

LXX Isaiah 59:17

Septuagint
14 And we have turned judgment back, and righteousness has departed afar off: for truth is consumed in their ways, and they could not pass by a straight path. 15 And truth has been taken away, and they have turned aside their mind from understanding. And the Lord saw it, and it did not please him that there was no judgment. 16 And he looked, and there was no man, and he observed, and there was none to help: so he defended them with his arm, and established them with his mercy. 17 And he put on righteousness as a breast-plate, and placed the helmet of salvation on his head; and he clothed himself with the garment of vengeance, and with his cloak, 18 as one about to render a payment, even reproach to his adversaries.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Isaiah

Ephesians 6:13

New Testament
10 Finally, be strengthened in the Lord and in the strength of his power. 11 Clothe yourselves with the full armor of God, so that you will be able to stand against the schemes of the devil. 12 For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the powers, against the world rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavens. 13 For this reason, take up the full armor of God so that you may be able to stand your ground on the evil day, and having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand firm therefore, by fastening the belt of truth around your waist, by putting on the breastplate of righteousness, 15 by fitting your feet with the preparation that comes from the good news of peace, 16 and in all of this, by taking up the shield of faith with which you can extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. 17 And take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit (which is the word of God).
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ephesians

References

"... It is interesting that we find the use of a bit of this imagery applied to ordinary Christian believers in Ephesians 6:13–17 where it is called the armor of God. Much more needs to be said however because in fact there is an abundant use of Isaiah in Ephesians, including in this passage (compare Isaiah 59:17; 52:7), and furthermore, as Frank Thielman says, it would appear that Paul is not drawing directly on Isaiah here, but rather Isaiah as filtered through and used in later Jewish literature. For example, the author of Wisdom of Solomon speaks of the Lord fighting his enemies by taking zeal as his whole armor and putting on righteousness as a breastplate, impartial justice as a helmet, holiness as an invincible shield, and wrath for a sword (Wisdom of Solomon 5:18–20). On one point Paul is closer to Isaiah than to Wisdom of Solomon, namely connecting salvation with the helmet (Isaiah 59:17; Ephesians 6:17) but mostly he is closer to Wisdom of Solomon in his use of these images ..."
Ben Witherington III, Isaiah Old and New: Exegesis, Intertextuality, and Hermeneutics (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017), 111.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Isaiah 59:17 and Ephesians 6:13

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