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Didache

About this book

The Two Ways: The Way of Life

Chapter 1

1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways.⁠ 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself.⁠ Treat others as you would want to be treated.⁠ 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you,⁠ and you will have no enemies. 4 Refrain from indulging in carnal and bodily desires. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other cheek to them as well, and you will be perfect. If someone compels you to go one mile, go two. If someone takes your coat, offer them your shirt as well.⁠ If someone takes from you what belongs to you, do not ask for it back, since you cannot. 5 Give to everyone who asks of you, and do not ask for it back, for the Father's will is that we give to all from the gifts we have received. Blessed is the one who gives according to the commandment, for they are innocent. Woe to the one who receives: if someone receives because they are in need, they are innocent, but those who receive without need will be questioned as to why they took and for what purpose.⁠ They will be examined for their deeds while in prison, and they will not be released until they pay the last penny. 6 Regarding this matter, it was also said, let your gift to the poor sweat in your hands until you know to whom you are giving.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Tobit 4:15 and Didache 1:2

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

The Didache presents the Golden Rule in its positive form, teaching to treat others as you want to be treated, matching the version in Matthew. Other Jewish traditions, such as Hillel or Tobit, teach this in a negative form that says to not cause harm.

Passages

Tobit 4:15

Deuterocanon
14 Do not let the wages of any man, which shall work for you, stay with you, but render it to him out of hand: and if you serve God, recompense shall be made to you. Take heed to yourself, my child, in all your works, and be discreet in all your behaviour. 15 And what you yourself hate, do to no man. Do not drink wine to drunkenness, and do not let drunkenness go with you on your way. 16 Give of your bread to the hungry, and of your garments to them that are naked: of all your abundance give alms; and do not let your eye be grudging when you give alms. 17 Pour out your bread and your wine on the tomb of the just, and do not give to sinners.
225–175 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Tobit

Didache 1:2

Early Christian
1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways. 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself. Treat others as you would want to be treated. 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you, and you will have no enemies.
90–120 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Didache

References

"... If the Didachist did not employ a non-canonical source as he composed the whole of chapters 1–5, his second verse may still present a challenge to that general conclusion. There one encounters what has often been called the “Negative Golden Rule.” Didache 1:2 states, “[A]s many [things] as you might wish not to happen to you, likewise, do not do to another.” This is certainly similar to Jesus’ statement in Matthew 7:12, where it is expressed positively. A pre-Christian history to this piece of ethical advice exists, however. Tobit’s advice to his son in 4:15 is similar: “And what you hate, do not do to anyone.” Furthermore, the famous dictum of Hillel to the inquiring Gentile in Babylonian Shabbat 31a also sounds very similar to Didache 1:2. Did the Didachist deliberately alter the Dominical saying in accord with Jewish tradition, or could this be an example of a genuine agraphon - an unwritten saying of Jesus? No one knows, but anyone should recognize this as a further example of the definitely Jewish character of the Didache, even in its Christian dress ..."
William Varner, “The Didache's Use of the Old and New Testament,” MSJ 16.1 (2005): 127–151.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Tobit 4:15 and Didache 1:2

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