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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 32

1 Listen, O heavens, and I will speak; hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.⁠ 2 My teaching will drop like the rain, my sayings will drip like the dew, as rain drops upon the grass, and showers upon new growth. 3 For I will proclaim the name of the Lord; you must acknowledge the greatness of our God. 4 As for the Rock, his work is perfect, for all his ways are just. He is a reliable God who is never unjust, he is fair and upright.⁠ 5 His people have been unfaithful to him; they have not acted like his children—this is their sin. They are a perverse and deceitful generation. 6 Is this how you repay the Lord, you foolish, unwise people? Is he not your father, your Creator? He has made you and established you.⁠ 7 Remember the ancient days; bear in mind the years of past generations. Ask your father and he will inform you, your elders, and they will tell you. 8 When the Most High gave the nations their inheritance, when he divided up humankind, he set the boundaries of the peoples, according to the number of the heavenly assembly.⁠ 9 For the Lord’s allotment is his people, Jacob is his special possession.⁠ 10 The Lord found him in a desolate land, in an empty wasteland where animals howl.⁠ He continually guarded him and taught him;⁠ he continually protected him like the pupil of his eye.⁠ 11 Like an eagle that stirs up its nest, that hovers over its young, so the Lord spread out his wings and took him,⁠ he lifted him up on his pinions.⁠ 12 The Lord alone was guiding him, no foreign god was with him. 13 He enabled him to travel over the heights of the earth,⁠ and he ate of the produce of the fields. He provided honey for him from the cliffs, and olive oil from the hardest of rocks,⁠ 14 butter from the herd and milk from the flock, along with the fat of lambs, rams and goats of Bashan, along with the best of the kernels of wheat; and from the juice of grapes you drank wine.⁠ 15 But Jeshurun became fat and kicked; you got fat, thick, and stuffed!⁠ Then he deserted the God who made him, and treated the Rock who saved him with contempt. 16 They made him jealous with other gods, they enraged him with abhorrent idols. 17 They sacrificed to demons, not God, to gods they had not known;⁠ to new gods who had recently come along, gods your ancestors had not known about.⁠ 18 You forgot the Rock who fathered you, and put out of mind the God who gave you birth.⁠ 19 But the Lord took note and despised them because his sons and daughters enraged him. 20 He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them;⁠ for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty. 21 They have made me jealous with false gods, enraging me with their worthless gods;⁠ so I will make them jealous with a people they do not recognize, with a nation slow to learn I will enrage them. 22 For a fire has been kindled by my anger, and it burns to lowest Sheol; it consumes the earth and its produce,⁠ and ignites the foundations of the mountains. 23 I will increase their disasters; I will use up my arrows on them.⁠ 24 They will be starved by famine, eaten by plague, and bitterly stung;⁠ I will send the teeth of wild animals against them, along with the poison of creatures that crawl in the dust. 25 The sword will make people childless outside, and terror will do so inside; they will destroy both the young man and the virgin, the infant and the gray-haired man. 26 “I said, ‘I want to cut them in pieces. I want to make people forget they ever existed. 27 But I fear the reaction of their enemies, for their adversaries would misunderstand and say, “Our power is great, and the Lord has not done all this!”’ 28 They are a nation devoid of wisdom, and there is no understanding among them. 29 I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them.” 30 How can one man chase a thousand of them, and two pursue ten thousand,⁠ unless their Rock had delivered them up—and the Lord had handed them over? 31 For our enemies’ rock is not like our Rock, as even our enemies concede. 32 For their vine is from the stock of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomorrah. Their grapes contain venom; their clusters of grapes are bitter. 33 Their wine is snakes’ poison, the deadly venom of cobras. 34 “Is this not stored up with me?” says the Lord, “Is it not sealed up in my storehouses? 35 I will get revenge and pay them back at the time their foot slips;⁠ for the day of their disaster is near, and the impending judgment is rushing upon them!” 36 The Lord will judge his people, and will have compassion on his servants;62⁠ when he sees that their power has disappeared, and that no one is left, whether confined or set free. 37 He will say, “Where are their gods, the rock in whom they sought security,⁠ 38 who ate the best of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? Let them rise and help you; let them be your refuge! 39 “See now that I, indeed I, am he!” says the Lord, “and there is no other god besides me.⁠ I kill and give life, I smash and I heal,⁠ and none can resist my power. 40 For I raise up my hand to heaven, and say, ‘As surely as I live forever,⁠ 41 I will sharpen my lightning-like sword, and my hand will grasp hold of the weapon of judgment; I will execute vengeance on my foes, and repay those who hate me! 42 I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and my sword will devour flesh—the blood of the slaughtered and captured, the chief of the enemy’s leaders.’”⁠ 43 Cry out, O nations, with his people, for he will avenge his servants’ blood;⁠ he will take vengeance against his enemies,⁠ and make atonement for his land and people.⁠ 44 Then Moses went with Joshua son of Nun and recited all the words of this song to the people. 45 When Moses finished reciting all these words to all Israel⁠ 46 he said to them, “Keep in mind all the words I am solemnly proclaiming to you today; you must command your children to observe carefully all the words of this law. 47 For this is no idle word for you—it is your life! By this word you will live a long time in the land you are about to cross the Jordan to possess.” 48 Then the Lord said to Moses that same day, 49 “Go up to this Abarim hill country, to Mount Nebo (which is in the land of Moab opposite Jericho), and look at the land of Canaan that I am giving to the Israelites as a possession. 50 You will die on the mountain that you ascend and join your deceased ancestors, just as Aaron your brother died on Mount Hor and joined his deceased ancestors, 51 for both of you rebelled against me among the Israelites at the waters of Meribah Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin when you did not show me proper respect among the Israelites. 52 You will see the land before you, but you will not enter the land that I am giving to the Israelites.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 32:42 and Jeremiah 46:10

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Jeremiah 46 echoes Deuteronomy 32 by describing divine vengeance through bloodied weapons and fallen enemy leaders. Deuteronomy itself follows Ugaritic and other ancient Near Eastern imagery, where gods are shown surrounded by blood and defeated foes.

Passages

Deuteronomy 32:42

Hebrew Bible
40 For I raise up my hand to heaven, and say, ‘As surely as I live forever, 41 I will sharpen my lightning-like sword, and my hand will grasp hold of the weapon of judgment; I will execute vengeance on my foes, and repay those who hate me! 42 I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and my sword will devour flesh—the blood of the slaughtered and captured, the chief of the enemy’s leaders.’” 43 Cry out, O nations, with his people, for he will avenge his servants’ blood; he will take vengeance against his enemies, and make atonement for his land and people. 44 Then Moses went with Joshua son of Nun and recited all the words of this song to the people.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Jeremiah 46:10

Hebrew Bible
8 Egypt rises like the Nile, like its streams turbulent at flood stage. Egypt said, ‘I will arise and cover the earth. I will destroy cities and the people who inhabit them.’ 9 Go ahead and charge into battle, you horsemen! Drive furiously, you charioteers! Let the soldiers march out into battle, those from Ethiopia and Libya who carry shields, and those from Lydia who are armed with the bow. 10 But that day belongs to the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies. It is a day of reckoning when he will pay back his adversaries. His sword will devour them until its appetite is satisfied. It will drink its fill from their blood! Indeed it will be a sacrifice for the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies in the land of the north by the Euphrates River. 11 Go up to Gilead and get medicinal ointment, you dear poor people of Egypt. But it will prove useless no matter how much medicine you use; there will be no healing for you.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

References

"... Like Anat in KTU 1.3 II, here Yahweh is described as enraged, and the divine enemies are described according to the “west” and the “east,” literally “the rising of the sun” ... the battle produces heaps of corpses (Isaiah 34:2) or skulls (Deuteronomy 32:43; Psalm 110:6). The image of harvest appears in Anat’s “gleaning” and in some biblical scenes of divine war (Joel 3:13; Revelation 14:14-20; compare secular examples in Judges 8:1-2; 20:44-46; Jeremiah 6:9; compare Jeremiah 49:9; Obadiah 5). Fourth, like the second part of the Ugaritic passage given above, the aftermath of war is described as a feast, a feature attested in Isaiah 34:6-7, 49:26 and perhaps presupposed in the sacrificial language of Deuteronomy 32:43. This feast includes feeding on the flesh of captives (Deuteronomy 32:42), drinking the blood of the victims (Isaiah 49:26; LXX Zechariah 9:15; compare Numbers 23:24), called “captives” in Deuteronomy 32:42 (as in KTU 1.3 II), and wading in the blood of the vanquished (Psalms 58:11; 68:24). Isaiah 49:26 alters the motif of feeding on the captives. In this verse, the enemies will cannibalize themselves: “I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh, and they shall be drunk with their own blood as with wine.” The image of wading in the blood may be related to the theme of the battle as bloody harvest. Because of its blood red color, the image of the wine harvest appears in biblical descriptions of divine war (Deuteronomy 32:42-43; Isaiah 49:26; 63:3; Ezek. 39:19; Joel 4:13; Lamentations 1:15; Revelation 19:15). Finally, the delight that Anat derives from her carnal destruction has biblical correspondences in the language of both divine laughter (Psalm 2:4; compare Proverbs 2:26) and drunkenness with battle (see Deuteronomy 32:43; Isaiah 34:2; 63:3-6; compare Jeremiah 46:10) ..."
Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, 2nd ed., The Biblical Resource Series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 116.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 32:42 and Jeremiah 46:10

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