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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 24

1 If a man marries a woman and she does not please him because he has found something indecent in her, then he may draw up a divorce document, give it to her, and evict her from his house.⁠ 2 When she has left him she may go and become someone else’s wife. 3 If the second husband rejects her and then divorces her, gives her the papers, and evicts her from his house, or if the second husband who married her dies,⁠ 4 her first husband who divorced her is not permitted to remarry her after she has become ritually impure, for that is offensive to the Lord. You must not bring guilt on the land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance. 5 When a man is newly married, he need not go into the army nor be obligated in any way; he must be free to stay at home for a full year and bring joy to the wife he has married. 6 One must not take either lower or upper millstones as security on a loan, for that is like taking a life itself as security. 7 If a man is found kidnapping a person from among his fellow Israelites, and regards him as mere property and sells him, that kidnapper must die. In this way you will purge the evil from among you. 8 Be careful during an outbreak of leprosy to follow precisely all that the Levitical priests instruct you; as I have commanded them, so you should do.⁠ 9 Remember what the Lord your God did to Miriam along the way after you left Egypt. 10 When you make any kind of loan to your neighbor, you may not go into his house to claim what he is offering as security.⁠ 11 You must stand outside and the person to whom you are making the loan will bring out to you what he is offering as security. 12 If the person is poor you may not use what he gives you as security for a covering. 13 You must by all means return to him at sunset the item he gave you as security so that he may sleep in his outer garment and bless you for it; it will be considered a just deed by the Lord your God. 14 You must not oppress a lowly and poor servant, whether one from among your fellow Israelites or from the resident foreigners who are living in your land and villages. 15 You must pay his wage that very day before the sun sets, for he is poor and his life depends on it. Otherwise he will cry out to the Lord against you, and you will be guilty of sin.⁠ 16 Fathers must not be put to death for what their children do, nor children for what their fathers do; each must be put to death for his own sin.⁠ 17 You must not pervert justice due a resident foreigner or an orphan, or take a widow’s garment as security for a loan.⁠ 18 Remember that you were slaves in Egypt and that the Lord your God redeemed you from there; therefore I am commanding you to do all this. 19 Whenever you reap your harvest in your field and leave some unraked grain there, you must not return to get it; it should go to the resident foreigner, orphan, and widow so that the Lord your God may bless all the work you do.⁠ 20 When you beat your olive tree you must not repeat the procedure; the remaining olives belong to the resident foreigner, orphan, and widow. 21 When you gather the grapes of your vineyard you must not do so a second time; they should go to the resident foreigner, orphan, and widow.⁠ 22 Remember that you were slaves in the land of Egypt; therefore, I am commanding you to do all this.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 24:19 and Mishnah Peah 5:6

Hebrew Bible · Rabbinic

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Summary

Deuteronomy tells farmers to leave part of the harvest for widows, orphans, and foreigners, promising blessing in return. Rabbinic tradition in the Mishnah reframes this, saying failure to give is theft, turning care for the poor into a legal right.

Passages

Deuteronomy 24:19

Hebrew Bible
18 Remember that you were slaves in Egypt and that the Lord your God redeemed you from there; therefore I am commanding you to do all this. 19 Whenever you reap your harvest in your field and leave some unraked grain there, you must not return to get it; it should go to the resident foreigner, orphan, and widow so that the Lord your God may bless all the work you do. 20 When you beat your olive tree you must not repeat the procedure; the remaining olives belong to the resident foreigner, orphan, and widow.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Mishnah Peah 5:6

Rabbinic · Mishnah
One who sells, the seller is permitted [to take the agricultural gifts] and the purchaser is forbidden. One may not hire a worker on the condition that the son [of the worker] should gather the gleanings after him. One who does not allow the poor to gather, or one who allows one but not another, or one who helps one of them [to gather] behold he is a robber of the poor. Concerning him it is said: “Do not remove the landmark of those that come up (olim)” (Proverbs 22:28).
190–230 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mishnah Peah

References

"... The terminology for the poor offerings—pe’ah, Gleanings, Forgotten Things, Separated Grapes, Defective Clusters, and the poor tithe—derives from a handful of biblical verses, Leviticus 19:9–10, 23:22 and Deuteronomy 14:28–29, 24:19–22, 26:12–13. In expanding these terms into legal concepts, tractate Pe’ah departs from biblical law in important ways. First, whereas the Hebrew Bible identifies the recipients by legal and social categories—the poor, strangers, orphans, and widows—the Mishnah defines eligibility solely by economic criteria (Mishnah Peah 8:8–9). Second, the Mishnah conflates the passages from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, erasing their distinctive contexts. The passages from Leviticus are embedded in the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17–26), as the fulfillment of these obligations is part of an effort to be holy like God. The laws in Deuteronomy are motivated by the promise of a reward, namely a blessing from God (Deuteronomy 24:19). By contrast, tractate Pe’ah instructs that failing to fulfill these obligations is tantamount to theft, equivalent to stealing what rightfully belongs to the poor (Mishnah Peah 5:6, 7:3) ..."
Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Oxford Annotated Mishnah: A New Translation of the Mishnah with Introductions and Notes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022), 40.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 24:19 and Mishnah Peah 5:6

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