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About this book

Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 19

1 When the Lord your God destroys the nations whose land he is about to give you and you dispossess them and settle in their cities and houses, 2 you must set apart for yourselves three cities in the middle of your land that the Lord your God is giving you as a possession. 3 You shall build a roadway and divide into thirds the whole extent of your land that the Lord your God is providing as your inheritance; anyone who kills another person should flee to the closest of these cities. 4 Now this is the law pertaining to one who flees there in order to live, if he has accidentally killed another without hating him at the time of the accident. 5 Suppose he goes with someone else to the forest to cut wood and when he raises the ax to cut the tree, the ax head flies loose from the handle and strikes his fellow worker so hard that he dies. The person responsible may then flee to one of these cities to save himself. 6 Otherwise the blood avenger will chase after the killer in the heat of his anger, eventually overtake him, and kill him, though this is not a capital case since he did not hate him at the time of the accident. 7 Therefore, I am commanding you to set apart for yourselves three cities. 8 If the Lord your God enlarges your borders as he promised your ancestors and gives you all the land he pledged to them, 9 and then you are careful to observe all these commandments I am giving you today (namely, to love the Lord your God and to always walk in his ways), then you must add three more cities to these three. 10 You must not shed innocent blood in your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, for that would make you guilty.⁠ 11 However, suppose a person hates someone else and stalks him, attacks him, kills him, and then flees to one of these cities. 12 The elders of his own city must send for him and remove him from there to deliver him over to the blood avenger to die. 13 You must not pity him, but purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood, so that it may go well with you. 14 You must not move your neighbor’s boundary marker,28⁠ which will have been defined in the inheritance you will obtain in the land the Lord your God is giving you. 15 A single witness may not testify against another person for any trespass or sin that he commits. A matter may be legally established only on the testimony of two or three witnesses. 16 If a false witness testifies against another person and accuses him of a crime,⁠ 17 then both parties to the controversy must stand before the Lord, that is, before the priests and judges who will be in office in those days. 18 The judges will thoroughly investigate the matter, and if the witness should prove to be false and to have given false testimony against the accused, 19 you must do to him what he had intended to do to the accused. In this way you will purge the evil from among you. 20 The rest of the people will hear and become afraid to keep doing such evil among you. 21 You must not show pity; the principle will be a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, and a foot for a foot.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 19:10 and 2 Kings 21:16

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

2 Kings 21 says Manasseh filled the land with innocent blood, using language from Deuteronomy 19 where such violence brings guilt. The story shows how Manasseh’s reign violated the covenant and portrays him as the opposite of the Deuteronomistic ideal.

Passages

Deuteronomy 19:10

Hebrew Bible
8 If the Lord your God enlarges your borders as he promised your ancestors and gives you all the land he pledged to them, 9 and then you are careful to observe all these commandments I am giving you today (namely, to love the Lord your God and to always walk in his ways), then you must add three more cities to these three. 10 You must not shed innocent blood in your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, for that would make you guilty. 11 However, suppose a person hates someone else and stalks him, attacks him, kills him, and then flees to one of these cities. 12 The elders of his own city must send for him and remove him from there to deliver him over to the blood avenger to die.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

2 Kings 21:16

Hebrew Bible
14 I will abandon this last remaining tribe among my people and hand them over to their enemies; they will be plundered and robbed by all their enemies, 15 because they have done evil in my sight and have angered me from the time their ancestors left Egypt right up to this very day!’” 16 Furthermore Manasseh killed so many innocent people, he stained Jerusalem with their blood from end to end, in addition to encouraging Judah to sin by doing evil in the sight of the Lord. 17 The rest of the events of Manasseh’s reign and all his accomplishments, as well as the sinful acts he committed, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah. 18 Manasseh passed away and was buried in his palace garden, the garden of Uzzah, and his son Amon replaced him as king.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

References

"... In the broad area of Deuteronomic rhetoric and parenetic phraseology there are two more phrases that make an appearance in 1 Maccabees. The first of these is “shed innocent blood”. (Compare Deuteronomy 19:10; 21:8; 2 Kings 21:16; 24:4; Jeremiah 7:6; 19:4, 22:3) This phrase is used in a variety of contexts, either as a description of an evil act, a crime that deserves punishment, or a report of the acts of a king, among others. In 1 Maccabees the term is used once, in a lament following the sack of Jerusalem by the Seleucids (1:37). The lament recounts the many evils that befell Jerusalem, among them it is reported that the Seleucids “shed innocent blood” on every side of the sanctuary. The Greek term is identical to that used by the translator of 2 Kings 21:16 and 24:4, which describe the events of the reigns of Manasseh and Jehoiakim respectively, though both concern the reign of Manasseh. The second phrase used in 1 Maccabees that belongs to broadly defined Deuteronomic expressions is “so that all the peoples of the earth will know”. This phrase is generally used in a context related to a special act or event that will bring the recognition of the one God of Israel to the nations ..."
Francis Borchardt, “The Deuteronomic Legacy of 1 Maccabees,” in Changes in Scripture: Rewriting and Interpreting Authoritative Traditions in the Second Temple Period, ed. Hanne von Weissenberg et al. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2011), 297–319.

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Deuteronomy 19:10 and 2 Kings 21:16

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