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2 Kings

About this book
Chapter 21

1 Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned for fifty-five years in Jerusalem. His mother was Hephzibah. 2 He did evil in the sight of the Lord and committed the same horrible sins practiced by the nations whom the Lord drove out before the Israelites. 3 He rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had destroyed; he set up altars for Baal and made an Asherah pole just as King Ahab of Israel had done. He bowed down to all the stars in the sky and worshiped them.⁠ 4 He built altars in the Lord’s temple, about which the Lord had said, “Jerusalem will be my home.” 5 In the two courtyards of the Lord’s temple he built altars for all the stars in the sky. 6 He passed his son through the fire and practiced divination and omen reading. He set up a ritual pit to conjure up underworld spirits and appointed magicians to supervise it.⁠ He did a great amount of evil in the sight of the Lord, provoking him to anger. 7 He put an idol of Asherah he had made in the temple, about which the Lord had said to David and to his son Solomon,⁠ “This temple in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, will be my permanent home. 8 I will not make Israel again leave the land I gave to their ancestors, provided that they carefully obey all I commanded them, the whole law my servant Moses ordered them to obey.” 9 But they did not obey, and Manasseh misled them so that they sinned more than the nations whom the Lord had destroyed from before the Israelites. 10 So the Lord announced through his servants the prophets: 11 “King Manasseh of Judah has committed horrible sins. He has sinned more than the Amorites before him and has encouraged Judah to sin by worshiping his disgusting idols. 12 So this is what the Lord God of Israel has said, ‘I am about to bring disaster on Jerusalem and Judah. The news will reverberate in the ears of those who hear about it.⁠ 13 I will destroy Jerusalem the same way I did Samaria and the dynasty of Ahab. I will wipe Jerusalem clean, just as one wipes a plate on both sides. 14 I will abandon this last remaining tribe among my people and hand them over to their enemies; they will be plundered and robbed by all their enemies, 15 because they have done evil in my sight and have angered me from the time their ancestors left Egypt right up to this very day!’” 16 Furthermore Manasseh killed so many innocent people, he stained Jerusalem with their blood from end to end,⁠ in addition to encouraging Judah to sin by doing evil in the sight of the Lord.⁠ 17 The rest of the events of Manasseh’s reign and all his accomplishments, as well as the sinful acts he committed, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah. 18 Manasseh passed away and was buried in his palace garden, the garden of Uzzah, and his son Amon replaced him as king. 19 Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned for two years in Jerusalem. His mother was Meshullemeth, the daughter of Haruz, from Jotbah. 20 He did evil in the sight of the Lord, just as his father Manasseh had done. 21 He followed in the footsteps of his father and worshiped and bowed down to the disgusting idols that his father had worshiped. 22 He abandoned the Lord, God of his ancestors, and did not follow the Lord’s instructions. 23 Amon’s servants conspired against him and killed the king in his palace. 24 The people of the land executed all those who had conspired against King Amon, and they made his son Josiah king in his place. 25 The rest of Amon’s accomplishments are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah. 26 He was buried in his tomb in the garden of Uzzah, and his son Josiah replaced him as king.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 19:10 and 2 Kings 21:16

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

2 Kings 21 says Manasseh filled the land with innocent blood, using language from Deuteronomy 19 where such violence brings guilt. The story shows how Manasseh’s reign violated the covenant and portrays him as the opposite of the Deuteronomistic ideal.

Passages

Deuteronomy 19:10

Hebrew Bible
8 If the Lord your God enlarges your borders as he promised your ancestors and gives you all the land he pledged to them, 9 and then you are careful to observe all these commandments I am giving you today (namely, to love the Lord your God and to always walk in his ways), then you must add three more cities to these three. 10 You must not shed innocent blood in your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, for that would make you guilty. 11 However, suppose a person hates someone else and stalks him, attacks him, kills him, and then flees to one of these cities. 12 The elders of his own city must send for him and remove him from there to deliver him over to the blood avenger to die.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

2 Kings 21:16

Hebrew Bible
14 I will abandon this last remaining tribe among my people and hand them over to their enemies; they will be plundered and robbed by all their enemies, 15 because they have done evil in my sight and have angered me from the time their ancestors left Egypt right up to this very day!’” 16 Furthermore Manasseh killed so many innocent people, he stained Jerusalem with their blood from end to end, in addition to encouraging Judah to sin by doing evil in the sight of the Lord. 17 The rest of the events of Manasseh’s reign and all his accomplishments, as well as the sinful acts he committed, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah. 18 Manasseh passed away and was buried in his palace garden, the garden of Uzzah, and his son Amon replaced him as king.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

References

"... In the broad area of Deuteronomic rhetoric and parenetic phraseology there are two more phrases that make an appearance in 1 Maccabees. The first of these is “shed innocent blood”. (Compare Deuteronomy 19:10; 21:8; 2 Kings 21:16; 24:4; Jeremiah 7:6; 19:4, 22:3) This phrase is used in a variety of contexts, either as a description of an evil act, a crime that deserves punishment, or a report of the acts of a king, among others. In 1 Maccabees the term is used once, in a lament following the sack of Jerusalem by the Seleucids (1:37). The lament recounts the many evils that befell Jerusalem, among them it is reported that the Seleucids “shed innocent blood” on every side of the sanctuary. The Greek term is identical to that used by the translator of 2 Kings 21:16 and 24:4, which describe the events of the reigns of Manasseh and Jehoiakim respectively, though both concern the reign of Manasseh. The second phrase used in 1 Maccabees that belongs to broadly defined Deuteronomic expressions is “so that all the peoples of the earth will know”. This phrase is generally used in a context related to a special act or event that will bring the recognition of the one God of Israel to the nations ..."
Francis Borchardt, “The Deuteronomic Legacy of 1 Maccabees,” in Changes in Scripture: Rewriting and Interpreting Authoritative Traditions in the Second Temple Period, ed. Hanne von Weissenberg et al. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2011), 297–319.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 19:10 and 2 Kings 21:16

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