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Code of Ur Nammu

At that time, he established for him 90 kôr of barley, 30 sheep, and 50 quarts of butter as a regular offering. After An and Enlil had turned over the kingship of Ur to Nanna, Ur-Nammu, son born of the goddess Ninsun, for his beloved mother who bore him, in accordance with the principles of equity and truth of the god Nanna, established justice. He set up the seven, and Nammahni, the ensi of Lagash, he slew. By the might of Nanna, lord of the city of Ur, he returned the Magan-boat of Nanna to the boundary-canal and made it famous in Ur. At that time, the fields had been subject to the nisqum-official, and maritime trade was under the seafarers' overseer. The herdsman was subject to the "oxen-taker," the "sheep-taker," and the "donkey-taker." Ur-Nammu, the mighty warrior, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, by the might of Nanna, lord of the city of Ur, and in accordance with the true word of Utu, established equity in the land and banished malediction, violence, and strife. By granting immunity in Akkad to the maritime trade from the seafarers' overseer, and to the herdsman from the "oxen-taker," the "sheep-taker," and the "donkey-taker," he set Sumer and Akkad free. At that time, he established standardized weights and measures. He fashioned the bronze silé-measure, standardized the one mina weight, and set the stone-weight of a shekel of silver in relation to one mina. The orphan was not delivered up to the rich man; the widow was not delivered up to the mighty man; the poor man with one shekel was not delivered up to the man of one mina.⁠ If a man plants for another without the owner's knowledge, he must bring in the produce. If the wife of a man, by employing her charms, followed another man and he slept with her, they (the authorities) shall slay that woman, but the man shall be set free. If a man deflowers a virgin slave-woman of another by force, he must pay five shekels of silver. If a man divorces his primary wife, he must pay her one mina of silver. If he divorces a widow, he must pay her one-half mina of silver. If he had slept with the widow without a marriage contract, he owes her nothing. If a man accuses another and takes him to the river-ordeal, but the river-ordeal proves the accused innocent, the accuser must pay three shekels of silver. If a man accuses another man's wife of fornication, but the river-ordeal proves her innocent, the accuser must pay one-third of a mina of silver. If a prospective son-in-law is rejected after bringing bridal presents, the father-in-law must return double the amount. If a slave crosses city boundaries and is returned, the owner must pay two shekels of silver to the one who returned the slave. If a man cuts off the limb of another, he must pay ten shekels of silver. If a man injures another in a scuffle, he must pay one mina of silver. If someone severs another's nose with a copper knife, they must pay two-thirds of a mina of silver. If a man cuts off another’s body part, he must pay an appropriate amount of silver. If a man knocks out another's tooth, he must pay two shekels of silver. If a man lacks silver for compensation, he may pay with other possessions. If a slave-woman speaks insolently to her mistress, her mouth shall be scoured with salt. If a man gives false witness, he must pay fifteen shekels of silver. If a man refuses to testify, he must compensate as involved in the case. If a man plows another's field by force, he forfeits his expenses. If a man floods another's field, he must provide three kôr of barley per iku of field. If a man leases a field but fails to cultivate it, causing it to become wasteland, he must pay three kôr of barley per iku of field.

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Ur Nammu and Deuteronomy 10:18

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Code of Ur-Nammu, one of the oldest legal texts from Mesopotamia, says that widows and orphans must not be given to the powerful, protecting them from abuse. Deuteronomy follows this tradition and similarly demands justice for the widow and orphan.

Passages

Code of Ur Nammu

Ancient Near East, Sumerian
By granting immunity in Akkad to the maritime trade from the seafarers' overseer, and to the herdsman from the "oxen-taker," the "sheep-taker," and the "donkey-taker," he set Sumer and Akkad free. At that time, he established standardized weights and measures. He fashioned the bronze silé-measure, standardized the one mina weight, and set the stone-weight of a shekel of silver in relation to one mina. The orphan was not delivered up to the rich man; the widow was not delivered up to the mighty man; the poor man with one shekel was not delivered up to the man of one mina. If a man plants for another without the owner's knowledge, he must bring in the produce.
2100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Ur Nammu

Deuteronomy 10:18

Hebrew Bible
16 Therefore, circumcise your hearts and stop being so stubborn! 17 For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great, mighty, and awesome God who is unbiased and takes no bribe, 18 who justly treats the orphan and widow, and who loves resident foreigners, giving them food and clothing. 19 So you must love the resident foreigner because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

"... As Amenemope is the only extra-biblical cognate related to the biblical concept of protecting the gēr alongside the widow, this study postulates, with some caution, that the Egyptian wisdom literature had some influence on Deuteronomy’s interest in adding the gēr to the widow-orphan dyad. Admittedly, Amenemope’s genre belongs to wisdom literature rather than a legal tradition; however, the mandates for the widow and the stranger in this context both relate to providing food and oil for the widow and the stranger. Lohfink posits that the widow-orphan doublet is a fixed word pair first observed in the Code of Ur-Nammu (late–3rd millennium) that Israel inherits as a dyad and which functions as a symbolic name for those in need of help. In the Covenant Code, which many scholars date before D, the widow-orphan dyad appears twice apart from any mention of the gēr. Glanville posits the reference to the pair in Exodus 22:22, 24 is ancient, predating the Exodus narrative. Further, Achenbach identifies the Covenant Code as the first time in Israelite history that the gēr are acknowledged together with the dyad as an integral part of personae miserabiles ..."
Josh Dunahoo, The Ger in Deuteronomy: Expanding Ancient Near Eastern Precedent for the Protection of Vulnerable Classes (George Fox University, 2020), 13–14.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Ur Nammu and Deuteronomy 10:18

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