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1 Clement

First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians

About this book

The Phoenix as a Sign of the Resurrection

Chapter 25

1 Let us consider the marvelous sign⁠ that is seen in the regions of the east,⁠ that is, in the area around Arabia. 2 There is a bird called the phoenix.⁠ This bird, the only one of its kind, lives for five hundred years; and when it has reached the time of its end and must die, it makes itself a coffin of frankincense and myrrh and other spices, which it enters when the time is fulfilled, and so it dies. 3 But, as the flesh rots, a worm is produced, which is nourished by the moisture of the dead creature and grows wings.⁠ Then, when it has grown strong, it takes up the coffin that holds the bones of its parent, and carrying them it travels from the country of Arabia all the way to Egypt, to the place called the City of the Sun. 4 and in the daytime, in the sight of all, it flies to the altar of the Sun and lays them on it; and having done this, it sets out to return. 5 So the priests examine the records of the dates, and they find that it has come when the five hundredth year is completed.

Texts in conversation

Compare Pliny the Elder, Pliny Natural History 10.2 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 25:2

Classical · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Clement, the author uses the phoenix as proof of resurrection, a tradition also preserved by Pliny the Elder in his Natural Histories, who similarly describes the worm that grows from the dead bird and the journey to the city of the Sun.

Passages

Pliny the Elder, Pliny Natural History 10.2

Classical
He tells us that no person has ever seen this bird eat, that in Arabia it is looked upon as sacred to the sun, that it lives five hundred and forty years, that when it becomes old it builds a nest of cassia and sprigs of incense, which it fills with perfumes, and then lays its body down upon them to die; that from its bones and marrow there springs at first a sort of small worm, which in time changes into a little bird: that the first thing that it does is to perform the obsequies of its predecessor, and to carry the nest entire to the city of the Sun near Panchaia, and there deposit it upon the altar of that divinity.

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 25:2

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 Let us consider the marvelous sign that is seen in the regions of the east, that is, in the area around Arabia. 2 There is a bird called the phoenix. This bird, the only one of its kind, lives for five hundred years; and when it has reached the time of its end and must die, it makes itself a coffin of frankincense and myrrh and other spices, which it enters when the time is fulfilled, and so it dies. 3 But, as the flesh rots, a worm is produced, which is nourished by the moisture of the dead creature and grows wings. Then, when it has grown strong, it takes up the coffin that holds the bones of its parent, and carrying them it travels from the country of Arabia all the way to Egypt, to the place called the City of the Sun.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... Very popular in Christian iconography, in patristic tradition, the phoenix signified the resurrection of Jesus (Clement of Rome, 1 Ep. Cor. 1.25–26; Tertullian, Res. Carn. 1.13; Lactantius, Carmen de ave phoenice 169–70; etc.). [...] However, other ways to generate worms are attested for the phoenix: a worm is generated from the dead phoenix as a larva for a new one (Pliny, Nat. Hist. 10.2); in the Nag Hammadi On the Origin of the World the “worm that has been born out of the phoenix is a human being.” ...”
Alexander Kulik, Baruch: Greek-Slavonic Apocalypse of Baruch (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), 236–237.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Pliny the Elder, Pliny Natural History 10.2 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 25:2

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