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City of God, Book 18

On the City of God Against the Pagans

About this book
Chapter 36

After these three prophets, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, during the same period of the liberation of the people from the Babylonian servitude Esdras also wrote, who is historical rather than prophetic, as is also the book called Esther, which is found to relate, for the praise of God, events not far from those times; unless, perhaps, Esdras is to be understood as prophesying of Christ in that passage where, on a question having arisen among certain young men as to what is the strongest thing, when one had said kings, another wine, the third women, who for the most part rule kings, yet that same third youth demonstrated that the truth is victorious over all. For by consulting the Gospel we learn that Christ is the Truth.⁠ From this time, when the temple was rebuilt, down to the time of Aristobulus, the Jews did not have kings but princes; and the record of their dates is found, not in the Holy Scriptures which are called canonical, but in others, among which are also the books of the Maccabees. These are held as canonical, not by the Jews, but by the Church, on account of the extreme and wonderful sufferings of certain martyrs,⁠ who, before Christ had come in the flesh, contended for the law of God even to death, and endured most grievous and horrible evils.

Book 19

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Esdras 4:35 and John 14:6 and Augustine, City of God 18.36

Deuterocanon · New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Esdras, Zerubbabel says truth is great and stronger than all things, and in John, Jesus calls himself the truth. Augustine connects the two, asking whether Zerubbabel's speech is a prophecy about Jesus, since the Gospel says Jesus is the Truth.

Passages

1 Esdras 4:35

Deuterocanon · Esdras A, 3 Esdras
33 Then the king and the nobles looked at one another. So he began to speak concerning truth. 34 “O sirs, aren’t women strong? The earth is great. The sky is high. The sun is swift in its course, for it circles around the sky, and returns on its course again in one day. 35 Isn’t he who makes these things great? Therefore the truth is great, and stronger than all things. 36 All the earth calls upon truth, and the sky blesses truth. All works shake and tremble, but with truth there is no unrighteous thing. 37 Wine is unrighteous. The king is unrighteous. Women are unrighteous. All the children of men are unrighteous, and all their works are unrighteous. There is no truth in them. They shall also perish in their unrighteousness. 38 But truth remains, and is strong forever. Truth lives and conquers forevermore.
300–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Esdras

John 14:6

New Testament
5 Thomas said, “Lord, we don’t know where you are going. How can we know the way?” 6 Jesus replied, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. 7 If you have known me, you will know my Father too. And from now on you do know him and have seen him.”
90–110 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in John

Augustine, City of God 18.36

Early Christian · On the City of God Against the Pagans
After these three prophets, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, during the same period of the liberation of the people from the Babylonian servitude Esdras also wrote, who is historical rather than prophetic, as is also the book called Esther, which is found to relate, for the praise of God, events not far from those times; unless, perhaps, Esdras is to be understood as prophesying of Christ in that passage where, on a question having arisen among certain young men as to what is the strongest thing, when one had said kings, another wine, the third women, who for the most part rule kings, yet that same third youth demonstrated that the truth is victorious over all. For by consulting the Gospel we learn that Christ is the Truth.
426 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Augustine, City of God 18

References

“... Although there are dozens of citations and allusions to 1 Esdras in the Church Fathers, the most eminent Christian reading of 1 Esdras is that supplied by Augustine in De civitate Dei 18.36. [...] Augustine sees 1 Esd 4:35 (4:41 Vulg.) concerning Zerubbabel’s climactic remark that “truth is great, and stronger than all things” (ἡ ἀλήθεια μεγάλη καὶ ἰσχυροτέρα παρὰ πάντα, magna veritas et praevalet) a prophecy about Christ fulfilled in the Gospel. The Gospel that Augustine refers to of course is the Fourth Gospel, in particular, it appears that he has in mind John 14:6 with the Johannine Jesus’ saying: “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.” Augustine knows full well that 1 Esdras is a historical work and not a prophetic book and there is no question as to whether or not this was the intended point of Zerubbabel’s speech in the text of 1 Esdras—it clearly was not—but Augustine is not engaging in crass allegory or rank eisegesis. ...”
Michael F. Bird, 1 Esdras: Introduction and Commentary on the Greek Text in Codex Vaticanus (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 29.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Esdras 4:35 and John 14:6 and Augustine, City of God 18.36

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