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City of God, Book 18

On the City of God Against the Pagans

About this book
Chapter 33

Jeremiah, like Isaiah, is one of the greater prophets, not of the minor, like the others from whose writings I have just given extracts. He prophesied when Josiah reigned in Jerusalem, and Ancus Martius at Rome, when the captivity of the Jews was already at hand; and he continued to prophesy down to the fifth month of the captivity, as we find from his writings. Zephaniah, one of the minor prophets, is put along with him, because he himself says that he prophesied in the days of Josiah; but he does not say until when. Jeremiah therefore prophesied not only in the times of Ancus Martius, but also in those of Tarquinius Priscus, whom the Romans had for their fifth king. For he had already begun to reign when that captivity took place. Jeremiah, in prophesying of Christ, says, “The breath of our mouth, the Lord Christ, was taken in our sins,” Lamentations 4:20 thus briefly showing both that Christ is our Lord and that He suffered for us. Also in another place he says, “This is my God, and no other shall be counted in comparison with Him; who has found out all the way of prudence, and has given it to Jacob His servant, and to Israel His beloved: afterward He was seen on the earth, and lived among men.”⁠ Some attribute this testimony not to Jeremiah, but to his secretary, who was called Baruch; but it is more commonly ascribed to Jeremiah. Again the same prophet says of Him, “Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will raise up for David a righteous shoot, and a King shall reign and shall be wise, and shall do judgment and justice in the earth. In those days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell confidently: and this is the name which they shall call Him, Our righteous Lord.” Jeremiah 23:5-6 And of the calling of the nations which was to come to pass, and which we now see fulfilled, he spoke in this way: “Lord my God, and my refuge in the day of evils, to You shall the nations come from the utmost end of the earth, saying, Truly our fathers have worshipped lying images, in which there is no profit.” Jeremiah 16:19 But that the Jews, by whom He even had to be killed, were not going to acknowledge Him, this prophet indicates in this way: “Heavy is the heart through all; and He is a man, and who shall know Him?” Jeremiah 17:9 That passage also is his which I have quoted in the seventeenth book concerning the new covenant, of which Christ is the Mediator. For Jeremiah himself says, “Behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will complete for the house of Jacob a new covenant,” and the rest, which may be read there. For the present I shall put down those predictions about Christ by the prophet Zephaniah, who prophesied with Jeremiah. “Wait for me, says the Lord, in the day of my resurrection, in the future; because it is my determination to assemble the nations, and gather together the kingdoms.” Zephaniah 3:8 And again he says, “The Lord will be fearsome to them, and will destroy all the gods of the earth; and they shall worship Him, each from his own place, even all the isles of the nations.” Zephaniah 2:11 And a little after he says, “Then I will turn to the peoples a language, and to His offspring, so that they may call on the name of the Lord, and serve Him under one yoke. From the borders of the rivers of Ethiopia they shall bring sacrifices to me. In that day you shall not be put to shame for all your devices, which you have done impiously against me: for then I will take away from you the haughtiness of your trespass; and you shall no more magnify yourself above your holy mountain. And I will leave in you a meek and humble people, and those who are left of Israel shall fear the name of the Lord.” These are the remnant of whom the apostle quotes what is prophesied elsewhere: “Though the number of the children of Israel is like the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved.” These are the remnant of that nation who have believed in Christ.

Book 19

Texts in conversation

Compare Baruch 3:37 and Augustine, City of God 18.33

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

Augustine quotes Baruch's description of wisdom appearing on Earth as biblical evidence that Jesus would become human, while noting that most readers credit the passage to Jeremiah.

Passages

Baruch 3:37

Deuterocanon
34 The stars shone in their watches, and were glad. When he called them, they said, “Here we are.” They shone with gladness to him who made them. 35 This is our God. No other can be compared to him. 36 He has found out all the way of knowledge, and has given it to Jacob his servant and to Israel who is loved by him. 37 Afterward she appeared upon earth, and lived with men.
200–50 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Baruch

Augustine, City of God 18.33

Early Christian · On the City of God Against the Pagans
Jeremiah, in prophesying of Christ, says, “The breath of our mouth, the Lord Christ, was taken in our sins,” Lamentations 4:20 thus briefly showing both that Christ is our Lord and that He suffered for us. Also in another place he says, “This is my God, and no other shall be counted in comparison with Him; who has found out all the way of prudence, and has given it to Jacob His servant, and to Israel His beloved: afterward He was seen on the earth, and lived among men.” Some attribute this testimony not to Jeremiah, but to his secretary, who was called Baruch; but it is more commonly ascribed to Jeremiah.
426 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Augustine, City of God 18

References

“... Nevertheless, Bar 3:37[38] is by far the most commonly cited verse of Baruch by patristic and medieval Christian exegetes, including Ambrose, Augustine, Cyprian, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory of Nazianzen, Gregory of Nyssa, Hilary of Poitiers, Hippolytus, John Cassian, John Chrysostom, John of Damascus, Lactantius, Rufinus, and Theodoret, as well as Thomas Aquinas and John of the Cross. Most of these authors quote the full passage Bar 3:36–38 (beginning with “This is our God”) to make a point about the relationship between the Father and the Son, usually that the Son is ­co-­eternal with and equal to the Father. The quotation is often attributed to Jeremiah rather than Baruch, presumably because of Jeremiah’s greater authority. Augustine quotes Bar 3:36–38 in a chapter of City of God about Jeremiah, although he acknowl- edges that “some attribute this testimony not to Jeremiah, but to his secretary, who was called Baruch; but it is more commonly attributed to Jeremiah.” ...”
Karina Martin Hogan, “Baruch,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha, ed. Gerbern S. Oegema (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 131.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Baruch 3:37 and Augustine, City of God 18.33

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