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City of God, Book 12

On the City of God Against the Pagans

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Chapter 18

As for their other assertion, that God's knowledge cannot comprehend things infinite, it only remains for them to affirm, in order to plumb the depths of their impiety, that God does not know all numbers. For it is very certain that they are infinite; since, no matter at what number you suppose an end to be made, this number can be, I will not say, increased by the addition of one more, but however great it is, and however vast the multitude of which it is the rational and scientific expression, it can still be not only doubled, but even multiplied. Moreover, each number is so defined by its own properties, that no two numbers are equal. They are therefore both unequal and different from one another; and while they are individually finite, collectively they are infinite. Does God, therefore, not know numbers on account of this infinity; and does His knowledge extend only to a certain height in numbers, while of the rest He is ignorant? Who is so senseless as to say so? Yet they can hardly claim to put numbers out of the question, or maintain that they have nothing to do with the knowledge of God; for Plato, their great authority, represents God as framing the world on numerical principles: and in our books also it is said to God, “You have ordered all things in number, and measure, and weight.”⁠ The prophet also says, Who brings out their host by number. Isaiah 40:26 And the Savior says in the Gospel, “The very hairs of your head are all numbered.” Matthew 10:30 We must never doubt, then, that all number is known to Him “whose understanding,” according to the Psalmist, “is infinite.” The infinity of number, though infinite numbers cannot be counted, is nevertheless not beyond the comprehension of Him whose understanding is infinite. And thus, if everything which is comprehended is defined or made finite by the comprehension of him who knows it, then all infinity is in some ineffable way made finite to God, for it is comprehensible by His knowledge. Therefore, if the infinity of numbers cannot be infinite to the knowledge of God, by which it is comprehended, what are we poor creatures to presume to fix limits to His knowledge, and say that unless the same temporal thing is repeated by the same periodic revolutions, God cannot either foreknow His creatures so that He may make them, or know them when He has made them? God, whose knowledge is manifold in its simplicity, and uniform in its variety, comprehends all incomprehensibles with so incomprehensible a comprehension, that though He willed always to make His later works novel and unlike what went before them, He could not produce them without order and foresight, nor conceive them suddenly, but by His eternal foreknowledge.

Book 13

Texts in conversation

Compare Wisdom of Solomon 11:20 and Augustine, City of God 12.18

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

The Christian theologian Augustine uses the Wisdom of Solomon as an authoritative source of teaching and theology, repeating its description of how God orders creation by measure, number, and weight.

Passages

Wisdom of Solomon 11:20

Deuterocanon
18 or newly-created and unknown wild beasts, full of rage, either breathing out a blast of fiery breath, or belching out smoke, or flashing dreadful sparks from their eyes; 19 which had power not only to consume them by their violence, but to destroy them even by the terror of their sight. 20 Yes and without these they might have fallen by a single breath, being pursued by Justice, and scattered abroad by the breath of your power; but you arranged all things by measure, number, and weight. 21 For to be greatly strong is yours at all times. Who could withstand the might of your arm? 22 Because the whole world before you is as a grain in a balance, and as a drop of dew that comes down upon the earth in the morning.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

Augustine, City of God 12.18

Early Christian · On the City of God Against the Pagans
Does God, therefore, not know numbers on account of this infinity; and does His knowledge extend only to a certain height in numbers, while of the rest He is ignorant? Who is so senseless as to say so? Yet they can hardly claim to put numbers out of the question, or maintain that they have nothing to do with the knowledge of God; for Plato, their great authority, represents God as framing the world on numerical principles: and in our books also it is said to God, “You have ordered all things in number, and measure, and weight.” The prophet also says, Who brings out their host by number. Isaiah 40:26 And the Savior says in the Gospel, “The very hairs of your head are all numbered.”
426 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Augustine, City of God 12

References

"... In affirming the canonicity of the two ‘Solomonic’ books not written by Solomon, Augustine says of Wisdom and Sirach “the Church especially in the West has accepted them as authoritative from antiquity”; City of God 17.20). A survey of patristic comments on the liturgical use of what Rufinus called the ecclesiastical books bears out Augustine’s geographical distinction. Eastern sources restrict the liturgical use of documents to the books of the Jewish canon. Cyril of Jerusalem (Catechesis 4.36–38) emphatically asserts that only the 22 books accepted by the Jews find a place in Christian liturgy, and he advises catechumens to maintain this standard in their private reading. Athanasius (Festal Letters 39) assigns the ecclesiastical books the role of elementary instruction in the faith, as do the Apostolic Canons (canon 85); this position seems to discount their use in the liturgy. The Council of Laodicea is more explicit; in the same context in which it limits the OT canon to 22 books ... However, the matter stood differently among Latin writers: Jerome, Rufinus, and Augustine all affirm that the ecclesiastical books are used in the corporate worship of the Church ... if the Church reads a ‘scriptural’ book, it is a canonical book. Similarly, Augustine responds to the objection of some that the Book of Wisdom is not canonical by arguing that its employment in the liturgy implies its divine authority ..."
Edmon L. Gallagher, Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text, VCSup 114 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 54–55.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Wisdom of Solomon 11:20 and Augustine, City of God 12.18

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