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Apocalypse of Zephaniah

About this book

Judgment in Hades

Chapter 6

1 Again I turned back and saw a great sea. 2 I thought it was a sea of water, but I found that it was a whole sea of fire, like mud that throws out much fire,⁠ and its waves glowed with sulphur and pitch. 3 They began to come toward me. 4 I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 5 When I saw it, I threw myself on my face before him to worship him. 6 I was very afraid and began to beg him to rescue me from this distress. 7 I groaned and said, "Eloi, Lord, Adonai Sabaoth, I beg you to rescue me from this distress that has come upon me." 8 At that hour I stood up and saw a great angel in front of me. His hair was loose like a lion's, his teeth stuck out of his mouth like a bear's, his hair was loose like women's hair, and his body was like a serpent's, and he wanted to swallow me. 9 When I saw him, I was so afraid of him that every part of my body trembled, and I threw myself on my face. 10 I could not stand, and I began to pray before the Lord Almighty: "You will rescue me from this distress, you who rescued Israel from the hand of Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. You rescued Susanna from the hand of the wicked elders. You rescued the three holy men, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, from the blazing, fiery furnace. I beg you to rescue me too from this distress."

Eremiel Refuses Worship

11 Then I got up and stood, and I saw a great angel standing in front of me. His face shone like the rays of the sun in its glory,⁠ and his face was like the face of one filled with his glory.⁠ 12 He wore what looked like a golden belt around his chest, and his feet were like brass glowing in the fire. 13 When I saw him, I was glad, because I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 14 I threw myself on my face and worshipped him. 15 He said to me, "Take care! Do not worship me. I am not the Lord Almighty;⁠ I am the great angel Eremiel, who is over the abyss and the underworld below, in whose hand all the souls have been shut up since the end of the Flood⁠ that came upon the earth, until this day." 16 Then I asked the angel, "What is this place I have come to?" He said to me, "This is the underworld." 17 Then I asked him, "Who is the great angel standing there, the one I saw?" He answered, "This is the one who accuses people before the Lord."

Texts in conversation

Compare Daniel 10:6 and Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

Daniel describes an angel with a golden belt, a face like lightning, and feet like bronze. The Apocalypse of Zephaniah echoes this tradition, describing an angel with a golden belt, a sun-bright face, and feet like glowing brass.

Passages

Daniel 10:6

Hebrew Bible
4 On the twenty-fourth day of the first month I was beside the great river, the Tigris. 5 I looked up and saw a man clothed in linen; around his waist was a belt made of gold from Ufaz. 6 His body resembled yellow jasper, and his face had an appearance like lightning. His eyes were like blazing torches; his arms and feet had the gleam of polished bronze. His voice thundered forth like the sound of a large crowd. 7 Only I, Daniel, saw the vision; the men who were with me did not see it. On the contrary, they were overcome with fright and ran away to hide.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Daniel

Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
10 I could not stand, and I began to pray before the Lord Almighty: "You will rescue me from this distress, you who rescued Israel from the hand of Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. You rescued Susanna from the hand of the wicked elders. You rescued the three holy men, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, from the blazing, fiery furnace. I beg you to rescue me too from this distress." 11 Then I got up and stood, and I saw a great angel standing in front of me. His face shone like the rays of the sun in its glory, and his face was like the face of one filled with his glory. 12 He wore what looked like a golden belt around his chest, and his feet were like brass glowing in the fire.
100 BCE – 175 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah

References

"... The 'strong angel' who descends from heaven incorporates a combination of attributes suggesting the significance of his function. Similar to the Christ in the opening epiphany, 'his face (is) as the sun' (10:1; compare 1:16). The motif of a shining face occurs in several connections in biblical and early Christian tradition: Moses' face shines after his descent from Sinai (Exodus 34:29-35; compare 2 Corinthians 3:7); it will 'shine as the brightness of the firmament' (Daniel 12:3; LXX 'as the stars of heaven'). Though the angel's descent with the little scroll from heaven echoes Moses' descent with the Torah from Sinai, the element 'as the sun' links him, on the level of the text, more directly with the opening Christophany. While admitting that the language in 1:16c may have been influenced by the text in Judges 5:31, Collins ultimately derives the feature in 1:16c from the angelophany in Daniel 10:6 ('his face as the appearance of lightning'). This derivation would have particular support if the angel in Revelation 10 was being identified with Gabriel. In the phrase 'as the sun,' however, it seems that the angel's appearance is accommodated to that of the opening Christophany, and hence shows a less immediate dependence on Daniel 10:6. In the Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11, which like Revelation 1 shows some dependence on the angelophany in Daniel 10, the 'great angel' Eremiel has a face 'shining like the rays of the sun in its glory.' If we are correct in maintaining that the tradition represented in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah is not dependent on the Johannine Apocalypse, it becomes rather plausible to argue that the similar description of Christ and the 'strong angel' reflects a common (Jewish or Jewish-Christian) exegetical tradition which expanded on Daniel 10:5-6 as it continued to be applied within an angelophanic context. Remaining particular to the Christophany of the Apocalypse of John is ή οψις, which perhaps is best translated 'appearance' rather than 'face.' ..."
Loren T. Stuckenbruck, Angel Veneration and Christology: A Study in Early Judaism and in the Christology of the Apocalypse of John, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe 70 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995), 229–230.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Daniel 10:6 and Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11

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