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Acts

About this book

Paul's Defense before Agrippa

Chapter 26

1 So Agrippa said to Paul, “You have permission to speak for yourself.” Then Paul held out his hand and began his defense: 2 “Regarding all the things I have been accused of by the Jews, King Agrippa, I consider myself fortunate that I am about to make my defense before you today, 3 because you are especially familiar with all the customs and controversial issues of the Jews. Therefore I ask you to listen to me patiently. 4 Now all the Jews know the way I lived from my youth, spending my life from the beginning among my own people and in Jerusalem. 5 They know because they have known me from time past, if they are willing to testify, that according to the strictest party of our religion, I lived as a Pharisee. 6 And now I stand here on trial because of my hope in the promise made by God to our ancestors, 7 a promise that our twelve tribes hope to attain as they earnestly serve God night and day. Concerning this hope the Jews are accusing me, Your Majesty! 8 Why do you people think it is unbelievable that God raises the dead? 9 Of course, I myself was convinced that it was necessary to do many things hostile to the name of Jesus the Nazarene. 10 And that is what I did in Jerusalem: Not only did I lock up many of the saints in prisons by the authority I received from the chief priests, but I also cast my vote against them when they were sentenced to death. 11 I punished them often in all the synagogues and tried to force them to blaspheme. Because I was so furiously enraged at them, I went to persecute them even in foreign cities. 12 “While doing this very thing, as I was going to Damascus with authority and complete power from the chief priests, 13 about noon along the road, Your Majesty, I saw a light from heaven, brighter than the sun, shining everywhere around me and those traveling with me. 14 When we had all fallen to the ground, I heard a voice saying to me in Aramaic, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? You are hurting yourself by kicking against the goads.’ 15 So I said, ‘Who are you, Lord?’ And the Lord replied, ‘I am Jesus whom you are persecuting. 16 But get up and stand on your feet, for I have appeared to you for this reason, to designate you in advance as a servant and witness to the things you have seen and to the things in which I will appear to you.⁠ 17 I will rescue you from your own people and from the Gentiles, to whom I am sending you⁠ 18 to open their eyes so that they turn from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God, so that they may receive forgiveness of sins and a share among those who are sanctified by faith in me.’ 19 “Therefore, King Agrippa, I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision, 20 but I declared to those in Damascus first, and then to those in Jerusalem and in all Judea, and to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, performing deeds consistent with repentance. 21 For this reason the Jews, after they seized me while I was in the temple courts, were trying to kill me. 22 I have experienced help from God to this day, and so I stand testifying to both small and great, saying nothing except what the prophets and Moses said was going to happen: 23 that the Christ was to suffer and be the first to rise from the dead, to proclaim light both to our people and to the Gentiles.”

Festus and Agrippa Respond to Paul

24 As Paul was saying these things in his defense, Festus exclaimed loudly, “You have lost your mind, Paul! Your great learning is driving you insane!” 25 But Paul replied, “I have not lost my mind, most excellent Festus, but am speaking true and rational words. 26 For the king knows about these things, and I am speaking freely to him because I cannot believe that any of these things has escaped his notice, for this was not done in a corner. 27 Do you believe the prophets, King Agrippa? I know that you believe.” 28 Agrippa said to Paul, “In such a short time are you persuading me to become a Christian?” 29 Paul replied, “I pray to God that whether in a short or a long time not only you but also all those who are listening to me today could become such as I am, except for these chains.” 30 So the king got up, and with him the governor and Bernice and those sitting with them, 31 and as they were leaving they said to one another, “This man is not doing anything deserving death or imprisonment.” 32 Agrippa said to Festus, “This man could have been released if he had not appealed to Caesar.”

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Ezekiel 2:1 and Acts 26:16

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

In Acts, Paul is told to stand on his feet, using language similar to Ezekiel where the prophet is commanded to stand up. Acts uses this to make Paul’s mission follow the prophetic traditions in the Hebrew Bible.

Passages

LXX Ezekiel 2:1

Septuagint
1 And he said to me, Son of man, stand upon your feet, and I will speak to you. 2 And the Spirit came upon me, and took me up, and raised me, and set me on my feet: and I heard him speaking to me. 3 And he said to me, Son of Man, I send you forth to the house of Israel, those who provoke me; who have provoked me, they and their fathers to this day. 4 And you shall say to them, Thus says the Lord.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Ezekiel

Acts 26:16

New Testament
14 When we had all fallen to the ground, I heard a voice saying to me in Aramaic, ‘Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? You are hurting yourself by kicking against the goads.’ 15 So I said, ‘Who are you, Lord?’ And the Lord replied, ‘I am Jesus whom you are persecuting. 16 But get up and stand on your feet, for I have appeared to you for this reason, to designate you in advance as a servant and witness to the things you have seen and to the things in which I will appear to you. 17 I will rescue you from your own people and from the Gentiles, to whom I am sending you 18 to open their eyes so that they turn from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God, so that they may receive forgiveness of sins and a share among those who are sanctified by faith in me.’
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Acts

References

"... Bowker suggests that Paul in the “perfectly ordinary process of merkabah contemplation reflected the voice of commission to Ezekiel in Ezekiel 2.” Whereas Ezekiel was told to go not to strangers but the house of Israel, Paul became convinced that it was not the Christians who were the rebellious people but the Jews who had commissioned him. What may have happened is that Ezekiel 1–2 offered a coherent context for the sudden reversal of his beliefs. Ezekiel 2 took on a dramatic new meaning. Bowker notes that Ezekiel 2:1, 3 is quoted in part in Acts 26:16. The lack of explicit reference to the merkabah in the testimonies about Paul is the result of the fact that Saul’s occupation at the time of the vision paled into insignificance compared with the transformative effects of the vision itself. Though visions were often regarded with suspicion, these were part of rabbinic orthodoxy, a form of “higher education,” to be undertaken only by the very well trained (as stated in the Mishnah) ..."
Christopher Rowland, “Paul as an Apocalyptist,” in The Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testamenmt Thought, ed. Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017), 131–154.
"... The place to begin is Acts 26:16. Here the risen Jesus says to Paul, 'Get up and stand on your feet.' ... As already observed, the revelatory voice in Ezekiel 2:1 utters the same words. That this is a coincidence is highly unlikely ... the precise phrase is altogether unattested in secular Greek texts, and it appears only once in the LXX, in Ezekiel. Further, only one extant Hellenistic Jewish work ever uses it, and that is Joseph and Aseneth 14:8 and 11, where the author is, as we shall see below, clearly dependent on Ezekiel 1-2 ..."
Dale C. Allison, “Acts 9:1–9, 22:6–11, 26:12–18: Paul and Ezekiel,” JBL 135.4 (2016): 807–26.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Ezekiel 2:1 and Acts 26:16

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