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5 Ezra

2 Esdras 1–2

About this book

5 Ezra: The Christian Introduction

Chapter 1

1 The second book of the prophet Ezra, the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah, the son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of Ahitub, 2 the son of Ahijah, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the son of Amariah, the son of Aziei, the son of Marimoth, the son of Arna, the son of Uzzi, the son of Borith, the son of Abishua, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, 3 the son of Aaron, of the tribe of Levi, who was captive in the land of the Medes, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of the Persians. 4 The Lord’s word came to me, saying,

Israel’s Disobedience and the Call to Other Nations

5 “Go your way and show my people their sinful deeds, and their children their wickedness which they have done against me, that they may tell their children’s children, 6 because the sins of their fathers have increased in them, for they have forgotten me, and have offered sacrifices to foreign gods. 7 Didn’t I bring them out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage? But they have provoked me to wrath and have despised my counsels. 8 So pull out the hair of your head and cast all evils upon them, for they have not been obedient to my law, but they are a rebellious people. 9 How long shall I endure them, to whom I have done so much good? 10 I have overthrown many kings for their sakes. I have struck down Pharaoh with his servants and all his army. 11 I have destroyed all the nations before them. In the east, I have scattered the people of two provinces, even of Tyre and Sidon, and have slain all their adversaries. 12 Speak therefore to them, saying: 13 “The Lord says, truly I brought you through the sea, and where there was no path I made highways for you. I gave you Moses for a leader and Aaron for a priest. 14 I gave you light in a pillar of fire. I have done great wonders among you, yet you have forgotten me, says the Lord. 15 “The Lord Almighty says: The quails were for a token to you. I gave you a camp for your protection, but you complained there. 16 You didn’t celebrate in my name for the destruction of your enemies, but even to this day you still complain. 17 Where are the benefits that I have given you? When you were hungry and thirsty in the wilderness, didn’t you cry to me, 18 saying, ‘Why have you brought us into this wilderness to kill us? It would have been better for us to have served the Egyptians than to die in this wilderness.’ 19 I had pity on your mourning and gave you manna for food. You ate angels’ bread. 20 When you were thirsty, didn’t I split the rock, and water flowed out in abundance? Because of the heat, I covered you with the leaves of the trees. 21 I divided fruitful lands among you. I drove out the Canaanites, the Perizzites, and the Philistines before you. What more shall I do for you?” says the Lord. 22 The Lord Almighty says, “When you were in the wilderness, at the bitter stream, being thirsty and blaspheming my name, 23 I gave you not fire for your blasphemies, but threw a tree in the water, and made the river sweet. 24 What shall I do to you, O Jacob? You, Judah, would not obey me. I will turn myself to other nations, and I will give my name to them, that they may keep my statutes.⁠ 25 Since you have forsaken me, I also will forsake you. When you ask me to be merciful to you, I will have no mercy upon you. 26 Whenever you call upon me, I will not hear you, for you have defiled your hands with blood, and your feet are swift to commit murder. 27 It is not as though you have forsaken me, but your own selves,” says the Lord. 28 The Lord Almighty says, “Haven’t I asked you as a father his sons, as a mother her daughters, and a nurse her young babies, 29 that you would be my people, and I would be your God, that you would be my children, and I would be your father? 30 I gathered you together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings. But now, what should I do to you? I will cast you out from my presence. 31 When you offer burnt sacrifices to me, I will turn my face from you, for I have rejected your solemn feast days, your new moons, and your circumcisions of the flesh. 32 I sent to you my servants the prophets, whom you have taken and slain, and torn their bodies in pieces, whose blood I will require from you,” says the Lord. 33 The Lord Almighty says, “Your house is desolate. I will cast you out as the wind blows stubble. 34 Your children won’t be fruitful, for they have neglected my commandment to you, and done that which is evil before me. 35 I will give your houses to a people that will come, which not having heard of me yet believe me. Those to whom I have shown no signs will do what I have commanded. 36 They have seen no prophets, yet they will remember their former condition. 37 I call to witness the gratitude of the people who will come, whose little ones rejoice with gladness. Although they do not see me with bodily eyes, yet in spirit they will believe what I say.” 38 And now, father, behold with glory, and see the people that come from the east: 39 to whom I will give for leaders, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Hosea, Amos, and Micah, Joel, Obadiah, and Jonah, 40 Nahum, and Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, who is also called the Lord’s messenger.

Texts in conversation

Compare Matthew 21:43 and 5 Ezra 1:24

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In Matthew 21, Jesus describes authority passing from unfaithful leaders to those who produce fruit. 5 Ezra similarly describes rejection and replacement, reflecting a shared use of prophetic language to address failures of faithfulness.

Passages

Matthew 21:43

New Testament
41 They said to him, “He will utterly destroy those evil men! Then he will lease the vineyard to other tenants who will give him his portion at the harvest.” 42 Jesus said to them, “Have you never read in the scriptures: “‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. This is from the Lord, and it is marvelous in our eyes’? 43 “For this reason I tell you that the kingdom of God will be taken from you and given to a people who will produce its fruit. 44 The one who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, and the one on whom it falls will be crushed.” 45 When the chief priests and the Pharisees heard his parables, they realized that he was speaking about them.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

5 Ezra 1:24

Early Christian · 2 Esdras 1–2
22 The Lord Almighty says, “When you were in the wilderness, at the bitter stream, being thirsty and blaspheming my name, 23 I gave you not fire for your blasphemies, but threw a tree in the water, and made the river sweet. 24 What shall I do to you, O Jacob? You, Judah, would not obey me. I will turn myself to other nations, and I will give my name to them, that they may keep my statutes. 25 Since you have forsaken me, I also will forsake you. When you ask me to be merciful to you, I will have no mercy upon you. 26 Whenever you call upon me, I will not hear you, for you have defiled your hands with blood, and your feet are swift to commit murder.
180–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 5 Ezra

References

"... While we have solidly made the case that the rejection of the Jewish leaders and Gentile inclusion are foundational to the parable of the Shut Door and the East / West Saying, we must dwell for a moment on the concept of Eschatological Pilgrimage or Feast which is so essential to the East / West saying. This is necessary because some have argued that Matthew’s “many will come from the east and the west” and Luke’s “people will come from east and west and north and south” do not refer to Gentiles at all, but instead refer to the return of Jewish exiles to Israel ... There are a number of OT and Apocryphal texts which Allison uses to support his position such as Psalm 107:3; Isaiah 43:5; Zechariah 8:7; Baruch 4:37; Psalms of Solomon 11:2; etc. In response to Allison and others who argue emphatically that the East / West saying refers to Jews returning from exile, we note that there is obviously a great similarity between the image of the return of Jewish exiles to Jerusalem and the Eschatological Pilgrimage of the Nations since both movements have the same origin (i.e., the nations), destination (Jerusalem), and timeframe (eschatological). It is easy to see how one of these motifs could be equated with the other. Whether the original Sitz im leben Jesu referred to Jewish exiles or not, for the purposes of our analysis we are interested only in how the East / West saying was used in the early Christian movement. Above we have argued that even in the pre-Matthean and pre-Lukan layer (Q), the sojourners in the East / West saying were considered Gentiles. The East / West saying appears in a modified form within 4 Ezra 1:24-40 ..."
Zachary Josetph King, “The Delay of the Parousia and Gentile Inclusion in the Synoptic Parables” (diss., Vrije Universiteit, 2017), 141–142.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Matthew 21:43 and 5 Ezra 1:24

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