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4Q184

The Seductress

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Fragment 1

1 [From her mouth] she brings out emptiness, and in […] worthlessness. She seeks errors always, [and with her tongue] she sharpens her words. [With mockery] 2 and scorn she speaks smoothly, to deride altogether with lips of iniquity. Her heart sets up recklessness, and her inward parts are snares [of the pit. Her palms] 3 are defiled with iniquity;⁠ her hands grasp the pit. Her feet go down to do wickedness and to walk in guilt […] 4 foundations of darkness; a multitude of transgressions is in her skirts. … the gloom of night, and her clothing […] 5 Her coverings are the deep darkness of twilight, and her ornaments are plagues of the pit. Her couches, her beds, are beds of Sheol⁠ […] 6 depths of the pit. Her lodgings are couches of darkness, and in the dead of night are her dominions. From the foundations of deep darkness 7 she pitches her dwelling, and she resides in the tents of silence, in the midst of everlasting burnings.⁠ She has no inheritance among all⁠ 8 the lights of brightness.⁠ She is the beginning of all the ways of iniquity. Woe, disaster to all who inherit her, and ruin to all 9 who hold on to her. For her ways are ways of death,⁠ and her paths are tracks of sin. Her trails lead astray 10 into iniquity, and her pathways are the guilt of transgression. Her gates are gates of death; at the entrance of her house she strides. To Sheol 11 all [who go in to her shall not] return, and all who inherit her will go down to the pit. She lies in wait in hidden places … […] 12 all […] In the city squares she veils herself, and in the gates of towns she takes her stand, and there is no one to stop her 13 from … always. Her eyes dart here and there, and she lifts her eyelids wantonly to look at a 14 righteous man and overtake him, and at a mighty man and make him stumble;⁠ to turn the upright from the way, and the righteous chosen ones 15 from keeping the commandment; to make fools of those who are steadfast … with wantonness, and to make those who walk uprightly change the statute; to make 16 the humble rebel against God, and to turn their steps from the ways of righteousness; to bring insolence into their heart, so that they do not tread 17 in the paths of uprightness; to lead a person astray into the ways of the pit, and to seduce with smooth words [all] the sons of man.

Texts in conversation

Compare Proverbs 3:17 and 4Q184 1:9

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Wisdom and Instruction

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Summary

Proverbs describes wisdom as a woman whose paths bring peace and life. In 4Q184 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, the wicked woman reverses the promise, bringing sin and death to those who follow her paths or hold on to her.

Passages

Proverbs 3:17

Hebrew Bible
16 Long life is in her right hand; in her left hand are riches and honor. 17 Her ways are very pleasant, and all her paths are peaceful. 18 She is like a tree of life to those who grasp onto her, and everyone who takes hold of her will be blessed.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

4Q184 1:9

Dead Sea Scrolls, Wisdom and Instruction · The Seductress
7 she pitches her dwelling, and she resides in the tents of silence, in the midst of everlasting burnings. She has no inheritance among all 8 the lights of brightness. She is the beginning of all the ways of iniquity. Woe, disaster to all who inherit her, and ruin to all 9 who hold on to her. For her ways are ways of death, and her paths are tracks of sin. Her trails lead astray 10 into iniquity, and her pathways are the guilt of transgression. Her gates are gates of death; at the entrance of her house she strides. To Sheol
100–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q184

References

“... In this section of 4Q184 the character is radically transformed. Until now the character has been based primarily on references to the characters from Proverbs of the Strange Woman and Dame Folly. While the allusions here are also to Proverbs, they are now al- lusions to Folly’s nemesis, the good and righteous Lady Wisdom. What is said approvingly in Proverbs about Wisdom is inverted in 4Q184 1, turning statements about Wisdom’s goodness into expressions about the evil, sin, and darkness of this character. In doing so, the interpreter changes the characters in Proverbs into a more perfect oppo- site of the supernatural character of Wisdom—her evil twin. [...] This brief introduction to the reversal of wisdom leads immediately to this obvious and striking reversal of Pr 3:17–18: [...] 18 She is a tree of life to those who possess her and all who hold her are happy. [...] 17 Her paths are paths of goodness, and all her ways are peace. [...] ...Alas! ruin shall be to all who inherit her, and desolation to a[ll] who hold her. [...] For her paths are paths of death and her by- ways[s] are the roads to sin; her tracks lead astray 10 to iniquity, and her ways are the guilt of transgression. ...”
Michael J. Lesley, “Exegetical Wiles: 4Q184 as Scriptural Interpretation,” in The Scrolls and Biblical Traditions: Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the IOQS in Helsinki, ed. George J. Brooke, Daniel K. Falk, Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, and Molly M. Zahn (Leiden: Brill, 2012), MS 9.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Proverbs 3:17 and 4Q184 1:9

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