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4 Maccabees

About this book

Praise for Eleazar

Chapter 7

1 Like an excellent helmsman, the reasoning of our father Eleazar steered the ship of piety on the sea of the emotions, 2 and though it was battered by the tyrant’s threats and swamped by the towering waves of torture, 3 it never turned the rudder of piety until it sailed into the harbor of immortal victory. 4 No city besieged by many different siege engines ever held out as that most holy man did. His sacred soul was set on fire by abuse and the rack, yet he defeated his besiegers through the reasoning that shielded his piety. 5 For father Eleazar, setting his mind like a jutting cliff, broke the raging waves of the emotions. 6 Priest worthy of the priesthood, you did not defile your sacred teeth, nor did you let your stomach, which had held only what was pious and pure, be polluted by defiled food. 7 You lived in harmony with the law, a philosopher of the divine life. 8 Such should be those who carry out the law with their own blood and defend it with noble sweat through sufferings to the point of death. 9 You, father, through your endurance confirmed our obedience to the law and brought it glory. You did not abandon the holiness you had praised, and by your deeds you made your words of divine philosophy believable. 10 Old man more powerful than tortures, elder more vigorous than fire, greatest king over the emotions, Eleazar! 11 For just as father Aaron, armed with the censer, ran through the crowd of people and defeated the angel of fire,⁠ 12 so Eleazar, the descendant of Aaron, though wasting away in the fire, did not abandon his reasoning. 13 What is most amazing is that although he was an old man, the strength of his body was already gone, his flesh hung loose, and his muscles were worn out, he became young again 14 in spirit through reasoning, and with reasoning like Isaac’s he made the many-headed rack powerless. 15 Blessed old age, revered gray head, law-abiding life, made perfect by the faithful seal of death!⁠

Reason and Faithfulness to the Torah

16 If, then, an old man despised tortures to the point of death for the sake of piety, it is beyond dispute that religious reasoning is ruler of the emotions. 17 But perhaps someone might say, “Not everyone masters their emotions, because not everyone has wise reasoning.” 18 But those who care for piety with their whole heart are the only ones able to master the emotions of the flesh, 19 since they believe that they do not die to God, just as our patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob did not die, but live to God.⁠ 20 So it is no objection that some people seem to be ruled by their emotions because their reasoning is weak. 21 For who, living as a philosopher by the whole rule of philosophy, and believing in God, 22 and knowing that it is blessed to endure every hardship for the sake of virtue, would not master his emotions through godliness? 23 For only the wise and courageous person is master of the emotions.

Texts in conversation

Compare Wisdom of Solomon 18:22 and 4 Maccabees 7:11

Deuterocanon · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

Wisdom of Solomon and 4 Maccabees retell the story of Aaron halting a plague, based on Numbers 16 but including a later tradition where the plague comes from a destroying angel sent by God. In these, Aaron overcomes this angel through prayer and ritual.

Passages

Wisdom of Solomon 18:22

Deuterocanon
20 The experience of death also touched the righteous, and a multitude were destroyed in the wilderness, but the wrath didn’t last long. 21 For a blameless man hurried to be their champion, bringing the weapon of his own ministry, prayer, and the atoning sacrifice of incense. He withstood the indignation and set an end to the calamity, showing that he was your servant. 22 And he overcame the anger, not by strength of body, not by force of weapons, but by his word, he subdued the avenger by bringing to remembrance oaths and covenants made with the fathers. 23 For when the dead had already fallen in heaps one upon another, he intervened and stopped the wrath, and cut off its way to the living. 24 For the whole world was pictured on his long robe, and the glories of the fathers were upon the engraving of the four rows of precious stones, and your majesty was upon the diadem on his head.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

4 Maccabees 7:11

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
9 You, father, through your endurance confirmed our obedience to the law and brought it glory. You did not abandon the holiness you had praised, and by your deeds you made your words of divine philosophy believable. 10 Old man more powerful than tortures, elder more vigorous than fire, greatest king over the emotions, Eleazar! 11 For just as father Aaron, armed with the censer, ran through the crowd of people and defeated the angel of fire, 12 so Eleazar, the descendant of Aaron, though wasting away in the fire, did not abandon his reasoning. 13 What is most amazing is that although he was an old man, the strength of his body was already gone, his flesh hung loose, and his muscles were worn out, he became young again
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

"... Aaron was indeed highly revered in the Second Temple Period. Of all the illustrious ancestors, he receives the most space in Ben Sira’s encomium (Sirach 45:6–22) next to Simon II (Sirach 50:1–21). The specific episode recalled by the author is found in Numbers 16:41–50 and retold in Wisdom of Solomon 18:20–25. When the people grumbled against Moses and Aaron in the wake of the rebellion of Korah, God sent a plague against the people in punishment. Aaron, however, taking a censer full of incense, ran into the thick of the plague and made atonement for the people, turning away God’s wrath (Numbers 16:46). The tendencies to personify the plague as “the destroyer” in Wisdom of Solomon 18:25 appear also in 4 Maccabees 7:11, as Aaron conquers “the angel” responsible for inflicting the plague. If Alexandrinus represents the more original reading (describing the angel as ἐμπυρισμòv, a reading inserted into Sinaiticus by the corrector), we could conclude that the author was deliberately shaping Aaron’s story even more fully to conform to Eleazar’s ordeal, facing the fires (6:24–26) ..."
David A. DeSilva, 4 Maccabees: Introduction and Commentary on the Greek Text in Codex Sinaiticus, SEPT (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 153.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Wisdom of Solomon 18:22 and 4 Maccabees 7:11

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