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2 Peter

About this book
Chapter 2

1 But false prophets arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you. These false teachers will infiltrate your midst with destructive heresies, even to the point of denying the Master who bought them. As a result, they will bring swift destruction on themselves. 2 And many will follow their debauched lifestyles. Because of these false teachers, the way of truth will be slandered. 3 And in their greed they will exploit you with deceptive words. Their condemnation pronounced long ago is not sitting idly by; their destruction is not asleep. 4 For if God did not spare the angels who sinned, but threw them into Tartarus16⁠ and locked them up in chains in utter darkness,⁠ to be kept until the judgment,⁠ 5 and if he did not spare the ancient world, but did protect Noah, a herald of righteousness,⁠ along with seven others, when God brought a flood on an ungodly world,⁠ 6 and if he turned to ashes the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah when he condemned them to destruction, having appointed them to serve as an example to future generations of the ungodly, 7 and if he rescued Lot, a righteous man in anguish over the debauched lifestyle of lawless men,⁠ 8 (for while he lived among them day after day, that righteous man was tormented in his righteous soul by the lawless deeds he saw and heard) 9 —if so, then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from their trials, and to reserve the unrighteous for punishment at the day of judgment, 10 especially those who indulge their fleshly desires and who despise authority. Brazen and insolent, they are not afraid to insult the glorious ones, 11 yet even angels, who are much more powerful, do not bring a slanderous judgment against them in the presence of the Lord. 12 But these men, like irrational animals—creatures of instinct, born to be caught and destroyed—do not understand whom they are insulting, and consequently in their destruction they will be destroyed, 13 suffering harm as the wages for their harmful ways. By considering it a pleasure to carouse in broad daylight, they are stains and blemishes, indulging in their deceitful pleasures when they feast together with you.⁠ 14 Their eyes, full of adultery, never stop sinning; they entice unstable people. They have trained their hearts for greed, these cursed children! 15 By forsaking the right path they have gone astray, because they followed the way of Balaam son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness,⁠ 16 yet was rebuked for his own transgression (a dumb donkey, speaking with a human voice, restrained the prophet’s madness). 17 These men are waterless springs and mists driven by a storm, for whom the utter depths of darkness have been reserved. 18 For by speaking high-sounding but empty words they are able to entice, with fleshly desires and with debauchery, people who have just escaped from those who reside in error. 19 Although these false teachers promise such people freedom, they themselves are enslaved to immorality. For whatever a person succumbs to, to that he is enslaved. 20 For if after they have escaped the filthy things of the world through the rich knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they again get entangled in them and succumb to them, their last state has become worse for them than their first.⁠ 21 For it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than, having known it, to turn back from the holy commandment that had been delivered to them. 22 They are illustrations of this true proverb: “A dog returns to its own vomit,”⁠ and “A sow, after washing herself, wallows in the mire.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Proverbs 26:11 and 2 Peter 2:22

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

2 Peter quotes Proverbs 26, about a dog returning to its vomit, to characterize those who return to their old behavior after knowing and experiencing what is right. 2 Peter fuses wisdom and apocalyptic traditions into one argument.

Passages

Proverbs 26:11

Hebrew Bible
9 Like a thorn has gone up into the hand of a drunkard, so a proverb has gone up into the mouth of a fool. 10 Like an archer who wounds at random, so is the one who hires a fool or hires any passerby. 11 Like a dog that returns to its vomit, so a fool repeats his folly. 12 You have seen a man wise in his own opinion— there is more hope for a fool than for him. 13 The sluggard has said, “There is a lion in the road! A lion in the streets!”
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

2 Peter 2:22

New Testament
20 For if after they have escaped the filthy things of the world through the rich knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they again get entangled in them and succumb to them, their last state has become worse for them than their first. 21 For it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than, having known it, to turn back from the holy commandment that had been delivered to them. 22 They are illustrations of this true proverb: “A dog returns to its own vomit,” and “A sow, after washing herself, wallows in the mire.”
120–130 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Peter

References

"... While in these two brief epistles there are several quotations of OT Scripture (2 Peter 2:22 with Proverbs 26:11; 3:8 with Psalm 90:4; 3:13 with Isaiah 65:17; Jude 9 with Zech 3:2) and possibly one of a Gospel text (2 Peter with Matthew 17:5), as well as one from an extracanonical writing (Jude 14–15 with 1 Enoch 1:9; 5:4; 60:8), the more distinctive feature of these writings is an appeal to Old Testament people or events that evoke episodes of divine salvation in the context of certain and devastating judgment and provide either moral or immoral example. While 2 Peter accentuates the certainty of God’s judgment upon perpetrators of destructive teaching and those who follow licentious ways (2 Peter 2), it also points to a moral example in two of the three citations: Noah saved from the devastating flood (Genesis 6–8) and Lot saved from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:12–29). Only in the first citation—God not sparing the rebellious angels (Genesis 6:1–6)— no saving act occurs ..."
Ralph P. Martin and Peter H. Davids, eds., Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1997), 805.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Proverbs 26:11 and 2 Peter 2:22

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