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1 Timothy

About this book
Chapter 3

1 This saying is trustworthy: “If someone aspires to the office of overseer, he desires a good work.” 2 The overseer then must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, temperate, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, an able teacher, 3 not a drunkard, not violent, but gentle, not contentious, free from the love of money.⁠ 4 He must manage his own household well and keep his children in control without losing his dignity. 5 But if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how will he care for the church of God? 6 He must not be a recent convert, or he may become arrogant and fall into the punishment that the devil will exact. 7 And he must be well thought of by those outside the faith, so that he may not fall into disgrace and be caught by the devil’s trap. 8 Deacons likewise must be dignified, not two-faced, not given to excessive drinking, not greedy for gain, 9 holding to the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience. 10 And these also must be tested first and then let them serve as deacons if they are found blameless. 11 Likewise also their wives must be dignified, not slanderous, temperate, faithful in every respect. 12 Deacons must be husbands of one wife and good managers of their children and their own households. 13 For those who have served well as deacons gain a good standing for themselves and great boldness in the faith that is in Christ Jesus. 14 I hope to come to you soon, but I am writing these instructions to you 15 in case I am delayed to let you know how people ought to conduct themselves in the household of God, because it is the church of the living God, the support and bulwark of the truth. 16 And we all agree, our religion contains amazing revelation: He was revealed in the flesh,⁠ vindicated by the Spirit, seen by angels, proclaimed among Gentiles, believed on in the world, taken up in glory.

Texts in conversation

Compare Barnabas 5:6 and 1 Timothy 3:16 and Gospel of Thomas 28

Early Christian · New Testament · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

First Timothy and Barnabas describe Jesus' arrival in flesh. The Gospel of Thomas uses the same kind of language, so its description of Jesus appearing does not by itself mean that his body was unreal.

Passages

Barnabas 5:6

Early Christian · Epistle of Barnabas
5 Yet there is also this, my friends: If the Lord endured suffering for our souls—though He was Lord of the whole world, to whom God said from the foundation of the world, “Let Us make humanity in Our image and likeness”—how then did He endure being mistreated by humankind? 6 Understand: The prophets, receiving grace from Him, prophesied about Him. But He Himself suffered so that He might destroy death and show forth the resurrection of the dead, because He needed to appear in the flesh. 7 This was also so that He could fulfill the promise made to the ancestors, and by preparing a new people for Himself, show, while on earth, that after bringing about the resurrection, He will Himself exercise judgment.
70–135 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Barnabas

1 Timothy 3:16

New Testament
14 I hope to come to you soon, but I am writing these instructions to you 15 in case I am delayed to let you know how people ought to conduct themselves in the household of God, because it is the church of the living God, the support and bulwark of the truth. 16 And we all agree, our religion contains amazing revelation: He was revealed in the flesh, vindicated by the Spirit, seen by angels, proclaimed among Gentiles, believed on in the world, taken up in glory.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Timothy

Gospel of Thomas 28

Nag Hammadi
27 “If you do not fast from the world, you will not find the kingdom. If you do not make the Sabbath a Sabbath, you will not see the Father.” 28 Jesus said, “I stood in the midst of the world, and in flesh I appeared to them. I found them all drunk; none of them thirsted. My soul was pained for the children of humanity, because they are blind in their hearts and do not see. They came into the world empty, and they seek to go out of the world empty. But now they are drunk. When they shake off their wine, they will repent.” 29 Jesus said, “If the flesh came into being because of spirit, it is a wonder. But if spirit came into being because of the body, it is a wonder of wonders. Yet I marvel at this: how this great wealth has made its home in this poverty.”
135–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Thomas

References

“... One can certainly find parallels between GTh 28 and wisdom tradition, but the emphasis in this saying is on the state of the world rather than on the identity of Jesus (see also the discussion of GTh 90.1 below). The language in 28.1 is standard in descriptions of the incarnation and does not necessarily have any sapiential connotations. 1 Timothy’s ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί (3.16), and Barn. 5.6 (ἐν σαρκὶ αὐτὸν φανερωθῆναι) are very close to Thomas here. [...] 28.1 And I appeared to them in flesh. Scholars have generally now moved away from a docetic interpretation of this statement, such as can be found in Gärtner. [...] Indeed, it is even possible that there is some kind of anti-docetic intent here. The reference is a general, imprecise one indicating that Jesus was in some sense ‘incarnate’ in flesh. [...] His attempt to drive a wedge between the language of Thomas and 1 Tim. 3.16 is strained. ...”
Simon Gathercole, The Gospel of Thomas: Introduction and Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 331–332.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Barnabas 5:6 and 1 Timothy 3:16 and Gospel of Thomas 28

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