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About this book

1 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 16

1 The Lord said to Samuel, “How long do you intend to mourn for Saul? I have rejected him as king over Israel. Fill your horn with olive oil and go. I am sending you to Jesse in Bethlehem, for I have selected a king for myself from among his sons.”⁠ 2 Samuel replied, “How can I go? Saul will hear about it and kill me!” But the Lord said, “Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.’ 3 Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you should do. You will anoint for me the one I point out to you.” 4 Samuel did what the Lord told him. When he arrived in Bethlehem, the elders of the city were afraid to meet him. They said, “Do you come in peace?”⁠ 5 He replied, “Yes, in peace. I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. Consecrate yourselves and come with me to the sacrifice.” So he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice. 6 When they arrived, Samuel noticed Eliab and said to himself, “Surely, here before the Lord stands his chosen king.” 7 But the Lord said to Samuel, “Don’t be impressed by his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. God does not view things the way people do. People look on the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.” 8 Then Jesse called Abinadab and presented him to Samuel. But Samuel said, “The Lord has not chosen this one either.” 9 Then Jesse presented Shammah. But Samuel said, “The Lord has not chosen this one either.” 10 Jesse presented seven of his sons to Samuel. But Samuel said to Jesse, “The Lord has not chosen any of these.” 11 Then Samuel asked Jesse, “Is that all the young men?” Jesse replied, “There is still the youngest one,⁠ but he’s taking care of the flock.” Samuel said to Jesse, “Send and get him, for we cannot turn our attention to other things until he comes here.” 12 So Jesse had him brought in. Now he was ruddy, with attractive eyes and a handsome appearance.⁠ The Lord said, “Go and anoint him. This is the one.” 13 So Samuel took the horn full of olive oil and anointed him in the presence of his brothers. The Spirit of the Lord rushed upon David from that day onward. Then Samuel got up and went to Ramah. 14 Now the Spirit of the Lord had turned away from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord tormented him.⁠ 15 Then Saul’s servants said to him, “Look, an evil spirit from God is tormenting you. 16 Let our lord instruct his servants who are here before you to look for a man who knows how to play the lyre. Then whenever the evil spirit from God comes upon you, he can play the lyre and you will feel better.” 17 So Saul said to his servants, “Find me a man who plays well and bring him to me.” 18 One of his attendants replied, “I have seen a son of Jesse in Bethlehem who knows how to play the lyre. He is a brave warrior and is articulate and handsome, for the Lord is with him.” 19 So Saul sent messengers to Jesse and said, “Send me your son David, who is out with the sheep.” 20 So Jesse took a donkey loaded with bread, a container of wine, and a young goat and sent them to Saul with his son David. 21 David came to Saul and stood before him. Saul liked him a great deal, and he became his armor-bearer. 22 Then Saul sent word to Jesse saying, “Let David be my servant, for I am very pleased with him.” 23 So whenever the spirit from God would come upon Saul, David would take his lyre and play it. This would bring relief to Saul and make him feel better. Then the evil spirit would leave him alone.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Samuel 16:1 and Ruth 4:17

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Ruth records David’s birth in Bethlehem, and 1 Samuel 16 opens with his anointing in the same town. Ruth was later placed before Samuel so her genealogy leads smoothly into the account of David’s rise.

Passages

1 Samuel 16:1

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord said to Samuel, “How long do you intend to mourn for Saul? I have rejected him as king over Israel. Fill your horn with olive oil and go. I am sending you to Jesse in Bethlehem, for I have selected a king for myself from among his sons.” 2 Samuel replied, “How can I go? Saul will hear about it and kill me!” But the Lord said, “Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.’ 3 Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you should do. You will anoint for me the one I point out to you.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

Ruth 4:17

Hebrew Bible
15 He will encourage you and provide for you when you are old, for your daughter-in-law, who loves you, has given him birth. She is better to you than seven sons!” 16 Naomi took the child and placed him on her lap; she became his caregiver. 17 The neighbor women gave him a name, saying, “A son has been born to Naomi.” They named him Obed. Now he became the father of Jesse—David’s father. 18 These are the descendants of Perez: Perez was the father of Hezron, 19 Hezron was the father of Ram, Ram was the father of Amminadab,
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ruth

References

"... In the Septuagint, upon which the Vulgate and consequently all Christian translations of the Old Testament are dependent, the Books of Joshua through Kings come to be understood as existing in permanent proximity to the Torah and to be clearly disassociated from the writing prophets. These latter texts are sometimes even placed at the end of the canon and judged to be eschatological. By contrast, the perception of the Books of Joshua through Kings increasingly come to be understood as an authoritative description of history. This becomes evident in different ways. The most important way is the unified designation of the Books of Samuel through Kings as the βασιλειvν “(Books of) Kingdoms,” or in the Vulgate as Regum “([Books of] Kings).” The four books which are sequentially numbered and grouped together in this way are perceived as a whole as the history of the monarchy in Israel. Numbering these writings as four distinct books was not at home in the Hebrew tradition. It has been appropriated for the first time in the 15th and 16th century. During this time, Samuel and Kings are divided into two separate books each. In order to bring together and complete the history of Israel, the Septuagint, and occasionally also the Hebraic tradition, has added the Book of Ruth (compare the genealogy of David, Ruth 4:17–22) and caused to follow the literature of Chronicles as well as Esther, Judith, Tobit, and the Books of Maccabees. In this manner, a tradition complex has originated for the history of Israel in the Septuagint and its dependent translations. The theological profile for this tradition complex clearly is to distinguish it from the “Former Prophets” of the Hebrew Bible ..."
Bruce C. Birch, “Old Testament Ethics,” in The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible, ed. Leo G. Perdue, Blackwell Companions to Religion (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), 293–307.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Samuel 16:1 and Ruth 4:17

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