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1 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 15

1 Then Samuel said to Saul, “I was the one the Lord sent to anoint you as king over his people Israel. Now listen to what the Lord says. 2 Here is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said: ‘I carefully observed how the Amalekites opposed Israel⁠ along the way when Israel came up from Egypt.⁠ 3 So go now and strike down the Amalekites. Destroy everything they have. Don’t spare them. Put them to death—man, woman, child, infant, ox, sheep, camel, and donkey alike.’” 4 So Saul assembled the army and mustered them at Telaim. There were 200,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 men of Judah. 5 Saul proceeded to the city of Amalek, where he set an ambush in the wadi. 6 Saul said to the Kenites, “Go on and leave! Go down from among the Amalekites. Otherwise I will sweep you away with them. After all, you were kind to all the Israelites when they came up from Egypt.” So the Kenites withdrew from among the Amalekites. 7 Then Saul struck down the Amalekites all the way from Havilah to Shur, which is next to Egypt. 8 He captured King Agag of the Amalekites alive, but he executed all Agag’s people with the sword. 9 However, Saul and the army spared Agag,⁠ along with the best of the flock, the cattle, the fatlings, and the lambs, as well as everything else that was of value. They were not willing to slaughter them. But they did slaughter everything that was despised and worthless. 10 Then the Lord’s message came to Samuel: 11 “I regret that I have made Saul king, for he has turned away from me and has not done what I told him to do.”⁠ Samuel became angry and he cried out to the Lord all that night.⁠ 12 Then Samuel got up early to meet Saul the next morning. But Samuel was informed, “Saul has gone to Carmel where he is setting up a monument for himself.” Then Samuel left and went down to Gilgal. 13 When Samuel came to Saul, Saul said to him, “May the Lord bless you! I have fulfilled the Lord’s orders.” 14 Samuel replied, “If that is the case, then what is this sound of sheep in my ears and the sound of cattle that I hear?” 15 Saul said, “They were brought from the Amalekites; the army spared the best of the flocks and cattle to sacrifice to the Lord our God. But everything else we slaughtered.” 16 Then Samuel said to Saul, “Wait a minute! Let me tell you what the Lord said to me last night.” Saul said to him, “Tell me.” 17 Samuel said, “Is it not true that when you were insignificant in your own eyes, you became head of the tribes of Israel? The Lord chose you as king over Israel. 18 The Lord sent you on a campaign saying, ‘Go and exterminate those sinful Amalekites! Fight against them until you have destroyed them.’ 19 Why haven’t you obeyed the Lord? Instead you have greedily rushed upon the plunder! You have done what is wrong in the Lord’s estimation.” 20 Then Saul said to Samuel, “But I have obeyed the Lord! I went on the campaign the Lord sent me on. I brought back King Agag of the Amalekites after exterminating the Amalekites. 21 But the army took from the plunder some of the sheep and cattle—the best of what was to be slaughtered—to sacrifice to the Lord your God in Gilgal.” 22 Then Samuel said, “Does the Lord take pleasure in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as he does in obedience? Certainly, obedience is better than sacrifice; paying attention is better than the fat of rams.⁠ 23 For rebellion is like the sin of divination, and presumption is like the evil of idolatry. Because you have rejected the Lord’s orders, he has rejected you from being king.” 24 Then Saul said to Samuel, “I have sinned, for I have disobeyed what the Lord commanded and your words as well. For I was afraid of the army, and I obeyed their voice.⁠ 25 Now please forgive my sin. Go back with me so I can worship the Lord.” 26 Samuel said to Saul, “I will not go back with you, for you have rejected the Lord’s orders, and the Lord has rejected you from being king over Israel!” 27 When Samuel turned to leave, Saul grabbed the edge of his robe and it tore. 28 Samuel said to him, “The Lord has torn the kingdom of Israel from you this day and has given it to one of your colleagues who is better than you!⁠ 29 The Preeminent One of Israel does not go back on his word or change his mind, for he is not a human being who changes his mind.” 30 Saul again replied, “I have sinned. But please honor me before the elders of my people and before Israel. Go back with me so I may worship the Lord your God.” 31 So Samuel followed Saul back, and Saul worshiped the Lord. 32 Then Samuel said, “Bring me King Agag of the Amalekites.” So Agag came to him trembling, thinking to himself, “Surely death is bitter!” 33 Samuel said, “Just as your sword left women childless, so your mother will be the most bereaved among women.” Then Samuel hacked Agag to pieces there in Gilgal before the Lord. 34 Then Samuel went to Ramah, while Saul went up to his home in Gibeah of Saul. 35 Until the day he died, Samuel did not see Saul again.⁠ Samuel did, however, mourn for Saul, but the Lord regretted that he had made Saul king over Israel.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Samuel 15:22 and Proverbs 15:8

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

1 Samuel 15 and Proverbs 15 question the value of sacrifice when it is offered without proper conduct. In Samuel, obedience is more important than the ritual of burnt offerings, while Proverbs states that the sacrifice of the unrighteous is unacceptable.

Passages

1 Samuel 15:22

Hebrew Bible
20 Then Saul said to Samuel, “But I have obeyed the Lord! I went on the campaign the Lord sent me on. I brought back King Agag of the Amalekites after exterminating the Amalekites. 21 But the army took from the plunder some of the sheep and cattle—the best of what was to be slaughtered—to sacrifice to the Lord your God in Gilgal.” 22 Then Samuel said, “Does the Lord take pleasure in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as he does in obedience? Certainly, obedience is better than sacrifice; paying attention is better than the fat of rams. 23 For rebellion is like the sin of divination, and presumption is like the evil of idolatry. Because you have rejected the Lord’s orders, he has rejected you from being king.” 24 Then Saul said to Samuel, “I have sinned, for I have disobeyed what the Lord commanded and your words as well. For I was afraid of the army, and I obeyed their voice.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

Proverbs 15:8

Hebrew Bible
6 In the house of the righteous is abundant wealth, but the income of the wicked will be ruined. 7 The lips of the wise spread knowledge, but not so the heart of fools. 8 The Lord abhors the sacrifice of the wicked, but the prayer of the upright pleases him. 9 The Lord abhors the way of the wicked, but he will love those who pursue righteousness. 10 Severe discipline is for the one who abandons the way; the one who hates reproof will die.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

"... It has further been suggested that the prophetic 'No!' to sacrifices that can be heard in some passages does not mean 'no' in an absolute sense. In Biblical Hebrew, and in other Semitic languages, negations can be used to express comparison or prioritization. This is referred to as either 'relative' or 'dialectic' negation. Thus, according to some scholars, the prophets were really saying something like 'not sacrifices (in the first place), but rather ...' implying that ethics, obedience or faith is more desirable than cultic observance. This is, I suggest, an excellent interpretation of Hosea 6:6, but such a reading seems less adequate in other cases (e.g. Amos 5:21-24; Isaiah 1:10-17; Jeremiah 6:20; also compare 1 Samuel 15:22) ... The idea that the 'classical' prophets regarded ethics as more important than cultic worship is a central tenet in another theory, as well. According to several exegetes, the prophetic critique of sacrifice was informed by ideas that were current within the sapiential tradition. These scholars suggest that the prophets did not reject the sacrifices per se, but those who were offering them, because of their allegedly unethical behavior. Rather than being pioneers for a new, radical attitude towards the sacrificial cult, the prophets iterated (and rephrased) well-known wisdom teachings. In both extra-biblical and biblical wisdom texts (e.g. Proverbs 15:8; 21:27) it is asserted that the sacrifice presented by a wicked person is brought in vain, since it will not be accepted by his/her god ..."
Göran Eidevall, Sacrificial Rhetoric in the Prophetic Literature of the Hebrew Bible (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 2012), 17–18.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Samuel 15:22 and Proverbs 15:8

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