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1 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 12

1 Samuel said to all Israel, “I have done everything you requested. I have given you a king. 2 Now look! This king walks before you. As for me, I am old and gray, and my sons are here with you. I have walked before you from the time of my youth till the present day. 3 Here I am. Bring a charge against me before the Lord and before his chosen king. Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken? Whom have I wronged? Whom have I oppressed? From whose hand have I taken a bribe so that I would overlook something? Tell me, and I will return it to you!” 4 They replied, “You have not wronged us or oppressed us. You have not taken anything from the hand of anyone.” 5 He said to them, “The Lord is witness against you, and his chosen king is witness this day, that you have not found any reason to accuse me.” They said, “He is witness!” 6 Samuel said to the people, “The Lord is the one who chose Moses and Aaron and who brought your ancestors up from the land of Egypt.⁠ 7 Now take your positions, so I may confront you before the Lord regarding all the Lord’s just actions toward you and your ancestors. 8 When Jacob entered Egypt, your ancestors cried out to the Lord. The Lord sent Moses and Aaron, and they led your ancestors out of Egypt and settled them in this place. 9 “But they forgot the Lord their God, so he gave them into the hand of Sisera, the general in command of Hazor’s army, and into the hands of the Philistines and the king of Moab, and they fought against them. 10 Then they cried out to the Lord and admitted, ‘We have sinned, for we have forsaken the Lord and have served the Baals and the images of Ashtoreth. Now deliver us from the hands of our enemies so that we may serve you.’ 11 So the Lord sent Jerub Baal, Barak, Jephthah, and Samuel, and he delivered you from the hands of the enemies all around you, and you were able to live securely.⁠ 12 “When you saw that King Nahash of the Ammonites was advancing against you, you said to me, ‘No! A king will rule over us’—even though the Lord your God is your king. 13 Now look! Here is the king you have chosen—the one that you asked for! Look, the Lord has given you a king. 14 If you fear the Lord, serving him and obeying him and not rebelling against what he says, and if both you and the king who rules over you follow the Lord your God, all will be well. 15 But if you don’t obey the Lord and rebel against what the Lord says, the hand of the Lord will be against both you and your king. 16 “So now, take your positions and watch this great thing that the Lord is about to do in your sight.⁠ 17 Is this not the time of the wheat harvest? I will call on the Lord so that he makes it thunder and rain. Realize and see what a great sin you have committed before the Lord by asking for a king for yourselves.” 18 So Samuel called to the Lord, and the Lord made it thunder and rain that day. All the people were very afraid of both the Lord and Samuel. 19 All the people said to Samuel, “Pray to the Lord your God on behalf of us—your servants—so we won’t die, for we have added to all our sins by asking for a king.” 20 Then Samuel said to the people, “Don’t be afraid. You have indeed sinned. However, don’t turn aside from the Lord. Serve the Lord with all your heart. 21 You should not turn aside after empty things that can’t profit and can’t deliver, since they are empty. 22 The Lord will not abandon his people because he wants to uphold his great reputation.⁠ The Lord was pleased to make you his own people. 23 As far as I am concerned, far be it from me to sin against the Lord by ceasing to pray for you! I will instruct you in the way that is good and upright. 24 However, fear the Lord and serve him faithfully with all your heart. Just look at the great things he has done for you! 25 But if you continue to do evil, both you and your king will be swept away.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 12:10 and 1 Samuel 12:11

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

1 Samuel 12 presents the promise of Deuteronomy 12 as fulfilled, describing Israel at rest from its enemies and in safety. 1 Samuel frames Israel’s peace as the realization of Deuteronomy’s covenant expectations.

Passages

Deuteronomy 12:10

Hebrew Bible
8 You must not do as we are doing here today, with everyone doing what is right in their eyes, 9 for you have not yet come to the final stop and inheritance the Lord your God is giving you. 10 When you do go across the Jordan River and settle in the land he is granting you as an inheritance and you find relief from all the enemies who surround you, you will live in safety. 11 Then you must come to the place the Lord your God chooses for his name to reside, bringing everything I am commanding you—your burnt offerings, sacrifices, tithes, the personal offerings you have prepared, and all your choice votive offerings that you devote to him.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

1 Samuel 12:11

Hebrew Bible
9 “But they forgot the Lord their God, so he gave them into the hand of Sisera, the general in command of Hazor’s army, and into the hands of the Philistines and the king of Moab, and they fought against them. 10 Then they cried out to the Lord and admitted, ‘We have sinned, for we have forsaken the Lord and have served the Baals and the images of Ashtoreth. Now deliver us from the hands of our enemies so that we may serve you.’ 11 So the Lord sent Jerub Baal, Barak, Jephthah, and Samuel, and he delivered you from the hands of the enemies all around you, and you were able to live securely. 12 “When you saw that King Nahash of the Ammonites was advancing against you, you said to me, ‘No! A king will rule over us’—even though the Lord your God is your king. 13 Now look! Here is the king you have chosen—the one that you asked for! Look, the Lord has given you a king.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

References

"... There is another sense in which the people will not merely return to the land as it was in the decades—indeed, the centuries—up to the exile. That would not be enough. When Joshua completed the initial taking of the land of Canaan, “the land had peace from war” (Joshua 11:23; compare Joshua 14:15). But over subsequent centuries that experience was at best intermittent, interrupted by conflict with other peoples and by civil war (e.g., Judges 3:11, 30; 2 Chronicles 14:1). YHWH promises that the return to the land will not be merely a return to the experience that led up to the exile. “Jacob is to return and be at peace, to be safe, with no one to disturb” (Jeremiah 30:10). That no one would disturb the people or make them afraid is another promise about Israel’s original destiny (Leviticus 26:6). It comes to gain a sardonic side (Deuteronomy 28:26; Jeremiah 7:33), but then to be renewed in light of the deeply disturbing experience of Assyrian and Babylonian domination (e.g., Ezekiel 34:28; 39:26; Zephaniah 3:13) and also to be a vision for all the nations (Micah 4:4). Peace is both a matter of objective security and of a feeling of security. The objective peace, safety and banishment of anyone to disturb means Israel need not be afraid or dismayed (Jeremiah 30:10). So YHWH will enable the people to live in their country “in security” (Jeremiah 32:37; compare Ezekiel 28:26; 39:26; Hosea 2:18; Zechariah 14:11). That, too, was part of God’s original promise (Leviticus 25:18-19; 26:5; Deuteronomy 12:10; 33:28), and it had sometimes come true (1 Samuel 12:11; 1 Kings 4:25). But it was an aspect of a total relationship between the people and YHWH, and the whole relationship comprehensively collapsed. Living in security thus becomes an aspect of the vision of restoration ..."
John Goldingay, Old Testament Theology: Israel's Faith (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2006), 441.

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Deuteronomy 12:10 and 1 Samuel 12:11

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