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1 Kings

About this book
Chapter 9

1 After Solomon finished building the Lord’s temple, the royal palace, and all the other construction projects he had planned, 2 the Lord appeared to Solomon a second time, in the same way he had appeared to him at Gibeon. 3 The Lord said to him, “I have answered your prayer and your request for help that you made to me. I have consecrated this temple you built by making it my permanent home; I will be constantly present there. 4 You must serve me with integrity and sincerity, just as your father David did. Do everything I commanded and obey my rules and regulations. 5 Then I will allow your dynasty to rule over Israel permanently, just as I promised your father David, ‘You will not fail to have a successor on the throne of Israel.’ 6 “But if you or your sons ever turn away from me, fail to obey the regulations and rules I instructed you to keep, and decide to serve and worship other gods, 7 then I will remove Israel from the land I have given them, I will abandon this temple I have consecrated with my presence, and Israel will be mocked and ridiculed among all the nations. 8 This temple will become a heap of ruins; everyone who passes by it will be shocked and will hiss out their scorn, saying, ‘Why did the Lord do this to this land⁠ and this temple?’ 9 Others will then answer, ‘Because they abandoned the Lord their God, who led their ancestors out of Egypt. They embraced other gods whom they worshiped and served. That is why the Lord has brought all this disaster down on them.’” 10 After 20 years, during which Solomon built the Lord’s temple and the royal palace, 11 King Solomon gave King Hiram of Tyre 20 towns in the region of Galilee, because Hiram had supplied Solomon with cedars, evergreens, and all the gold he wanted. 12 When Hiram went out from Tyre to inspect the towns Solomon had given him, he was not pleased with them. 13 Hiram asked, “Why did you give me these towns, my friend?”⁠ He called that area the region of Cabul, a name which it has retained to this day. 14 Hiram had sent to the king 120 talents of gold. 15 Here are the details concerning the forced labor* King Solomon conscripted to build the Lord’s temple,⁠ his palace, the terrace, the wall of Jerusalem, and the cities of Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer. 16 (Pharaoh, king of Egypt, had attacked and captured Gezer. He burned it and killed the Canaanites who lived in the city. He gave it as a wedding present to his daughter, who had married Solomon.) 17 Solomon built up Gezer, lower Beth Horon, 18 Baalath, Tadmor in the wilderness, 19 all the storage cities that belonged to him,⁠ and the cities where chariots and horses were kept. He built whatever he wanted in Jerusalem, Lebanon, and throughout his entire kingdom. 20 Now several non-Israelite peoples were left in the land after the conquest of Joshua, including the Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites.⁠ 21 Their descendants remained in the land (the Israelites were unable to wipe them out completely). Solomon conscripted them for his work crews, and they continue in that role to this very day. 22 Solomon did not assign Israelites to these work crews; the Israelites served as his soldiers, attendants, officers, charioteers, and commanders of his chariot forces. 23 These men were also in charge of Solomon’s work projects; there were a total of 550 men who supervised the workers. 24 Solomon built the terrace as soon as Pharaoh’s daughter moved up from the City of David to the palace Solomon built for her. 25 Three times a year Solomon offered burnt offerings and peace offerings on the altar he had built for the Lord, burning incense along with them before the Lord. He made the temple his official worship place. 26 King Solomon also built ships in Ezion Geber, which is located near Elat in the land of Edom, on the shore of the Red Sea. 27 Hiram sent his fleet and some of his sailors, who were well acquainted with the sea, to serve with Solomon’s men. 28 They sailed to Ophir, took from there 420 talents of gold, and then brought them to King Solomon.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 1:11 and 1 Kings 9:15

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

1 Kings describes Solomon’s use of slave labor using the same language from Exodus for Pharaoh’s slave labor. This presents Solomon as a new Pharaoh, suggesting he imposed on Israel the same kind of burdens once used against them in slavery.

Passages

Exodus 1:11

Hebrew Bible
10 Come, let’s deal wisely with them. Otherwise they will continue to multiply, and if a war breaks out, they will ally themselves with our enemies and fight against us and leave the country.” 11 So they put foremen over the Israelites to oppress them with hard labor. As a result they built Pithom and Rameses as store cities for Pharaoh. 12 But the more the Egyptians oppressed them, the more they multiplied and spread. As a result the Egyptians loathed the Israelites,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

1 Kings 9:15

Hebrew Bible
15 Here are the details concerning the forced labor* King Solomon conscripted to build the Lord’s temple, his palace, the terrace, the wall of Jerusalem, and the cities of Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer. 16 (Pharaoh, king of Egypt, had attacked and captured Gezer. He burned it and killed the Canaanites who lived in the city. He gave it as a wedding present to his daughter, who had married Solomon.) 17 Solomon built up Gezer, lower Beth Horon,
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Exodus 1:11 ... Here in E the taskmasters are termed “commanders of work-companies” (Hebrew missim). King Solomon instituted work-companies in Israel. This phrase is part of a chain of elements that are critical of Solomon in E ..."
Richard Elliott Friedman, The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into the Five Books of Moses (New York: HarperOne, 2005), 119.
"... there is a series of intertextual connections between Exodus and the entity usually delimited as the Deuteronomistic History, Deuteronomy–2 Kings. These connections are not easily explained as contact points between independent works; instead, they suggest a context of contiguous works. First, the situation of Israel’s forced labor in Egypt presented at the beginning of Exodus has a parallel in the presentation of the Solomonic period in Kings. With the exception of Chronicles, the expression ערי מסכנות (“storage cities”) in Exodus 1:11 only appears in the context of Solomon’s construction activity. The same is true for the expressions used for forced labor, מס (1 Kings 9:15) and סבל (1 Kings 5:29; 11:28). Although these data have been viewed as an argument for the early Solomonic dating of J, an internal literary explanation is more compelling. The word choice in Exodus 1:11 apparently is intended to cast a negative light on Solomon’s building activities. On this point, Solomon was no better than the Egyptian pharaoh of the exodus ..."
Konrad Schmid, Genesis and the Moses Story: Israel's Dual Origins in the Hebrew Bible, trans. James D. Nogalski, Siphrut: Literature and Theology of the Hebrew Bible 3 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2010), 127.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 1:11 and 1 Kings 9:15

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