Texts in Conversation

In Numbers, Miriam and Aaron criticize Moses for marrying an Ethiopian woman. In the Exagoge, a retelling of the Exodus as a Greek tragedy, Zipporah says her people are Ethiopians, an attempt to remove the tradition of Moses having two wives.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Numbers 12:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Then Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman he had married (for he had married an Ethiopian woman). 2 They said, “Has the Lord spoken only through Moses? Has he not also spoken through us?” And the Lord heard it. 3 (Now the man Moses was very humble, more so than any man on the face of the earth.) 4 The Lord spoke immediately to Moses, Aaron, and Miriam: “The three of you come to the tent of meeting.” So the three of them went. 5 And the Lord came down in a pillar of cloud and stood at the entrance of the tent; he then called Aaron and Miriam, and they both came forward.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)

Exagoge 62

Ezekiel the Tragedian
Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
55 All this was quickly reported to the king, 56 and Pharaoh tried to have me killed. 57 I learned of his plot and escaped from his hands, 58 and now I am wandering in foreign lands. 59 But look, I see seven young women here. 60 Stranger, this whole land is called Libya, 61 but various tribes live in it, 62 dark-skinned Ethiopians. Yet the land is ruled 63 by one king, who is also its sole commander in war. 64 This city's ruler and judge 65 is a priest, the father of my sisters and me. 66 Chus: Zipporah, you have to tell me this. 67 Zipporah: My father gave me as a wife to this stranger.
Date: 2nd century B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#7652
“... Moses fled to Midian. No sooner did he arrive there than he acted to save the daughters of Jethro, the priest of Midian, as they watered their flocks at the well. Invited to Jethro's dwelling, Moses soon married one of the daughters, Zipporah, and settled down at his father-in-law's house. Interestingly, later on, the Bible speaks of Moses' having married an Ethiopian woman: Miriam and Aaron spoke out against Moses, because of the Cushite [Ethiopian] woman whom he had married, for he had indeed married a Cushite woman. — Num. 12:1 In context, it might seem that this was a different wife. Yet, since the text nowhere else mentions this other wife, some interpreters naturally concluded that Zipporah was, in fact, the "Ethiopian" in question. [Zipporah introduces herself to Moses:] This land, O stranger, all bears Libya's name, but tribes of sundry races dwell throughout; the dark-skinned Aethiops. Yet there is one who ruler, prince, and sole commander, he rules all this state and judges mortal men; a priest, the father of myself and these. — Ezekiel the Tragedian, Exagoge 60-65 ...”
Kugel, James L. The Bible as it Was (p. 299) Harvard University Press, 1998

* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.

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