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In Ezekiel, the living creatures are identified as cherubim. In 3 Enoch, cherubim stand beside the living creatures as a separate group, dividing figures from the same vision into distinct kinds of angels.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Ezekiel 10:20
Hebrew Bible
18 Then the glory of the Lord moved away from the threshold of the temple and stopped above the cherubim. 19 The cherubim spread their wings, and they rose up from the earth while I watched (when they went, the wheels went alongside them). They stopped at the entrance to the east gate of the Lord’s temple as the glory of the God of Israel hovered above them. 20 These were the living creatures that I saw at the Kebar River underneath the God of Israel; I knew that they were cherubim. 21 Each had four faces; each had four wings and the form of human hands under the wings.
3 Enoch 22:13
Hebrew Book of Enoch
Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
And the Kerubim are standing by the Holy Chayyoth, and their wings are raised up to their heads (lit. are as the height of their heads) and Shekina is (resting) upon them and the brilliance of the Glory is upon their faces and song and praise in their mouth and their hands are under their wings and their feet are covered by their wings and horns of glory are upon their heads and the splendour of Shekina on their face and Shekina is (resting) upon them and sapphire stones are round about them and columns of fire on their four sides and columns of firebrands beside them.
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Notes and References
“... 1. Theophanies: The visions of the Merkabah in Ezekiel 1; 3:12-15, 22-24; 8:1-4;
10:1-22; and 43:1-7 were their basic texts. These provided them with such fundamental
elements as the Merkabah (3En 1:1, 5-7); the wheels (ophanim; 3En 25); the four creatures
(hayyot; 3En 20f.); the throne of glory (3En 1:10,12); the hasmal (3En 36:2,7); the cherubim
(3En 22). Daniel 7:9-10 and Isaiah 6 were incorporated into Ezekiel's picture. Daniel 7
records a vision of God seated on a fiery throne which has wheels of flame. It furnishes the
additional motifs of the heavenly law court (3En 28:7), the River of Fire (3En 18:19-21;
19:4; 33:4; 36:1-2; 37:1), and the hosts of attendant angels (cf. 3En 19:6). Isaiah 6 contains
a vision of God seated on a high and exalted throne (cf. 3En 26:12). Isaiah 6 contributes
to the total picture the seraphim (3En 26) and the QeduSSah (3En 1:12; 20:2). Note also the
vision of heaven in 1 Kings 22:19-22, in which the Lord is seen seated on his throne with
all the array of heaven standing before him. Ezekiel employs the language of the nature
theophanies ("fire, lightning, storm") to express the appearance of God's glory. The
Merkabah texts expand this imagery by drawing on other Old Testament accounts of nature
theophanies, particularly God's appearance to Israel at Sinai (Ex 19:16-18; cf. IKgs 19:11-
13; Pss 18:7-15 and 97:2-5). For combinations of these elements see 3 Enoch 34 and 37.
2. Angels: Such Old Testament phrases as "the host of heaven" (IKgs 22:19) and "the
host of the height" (Isa 24:31) suggest that the number of the angels is virtually infinite (cf.
3En 19:6). The Old Testament appplies various names to the angels: seraphim (Isa 6:2, 6);
cherubim (Ezek 10); creatures (hayyot) (Ezek 1); Watchers and holy ones (Hrin and qaddisin)
(Dan 4:14). 3 Enoch takes these names as designations of different orders of angels (3En
19-22; 25-28:6). The angels are represented in Genesis 19: If. and Daniel 8:15f. as having
human form, and in Joshua 5:13; Numbers 22:23; and 1 Chronicles 21:16, 30 as being armed
with weapons; cf. 3 Enoch 22:3-9. The powerful "angel of the Lord" in the Old Testament
(who is sometimes hard to distinguish from God himself) may be the prototype of 3 Enoch's
Metatron (cf. Ex 23:20-23 with Judg 2:1-5, and see 3En 12:5 and b.Sanh 38b). ...”
Philip S. Alexander
"3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch" in James H. Charlesworth (ed.) The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Volume 1
(p. 246) Doubleday, 1983
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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