Texts in Conversation
Isaiah describes sinners through their bloodstained hands and deceitful speech. In 4Q184 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, similar descriptions of body parts belong to one wicked woman who leads others into sin.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Isaiah 59:3-7
Hebrew Bible
3 For your hands are stained with blood and your fingers with sin; your lips speak lies, your tongue utters malicious words. 4 No one is concerned about justice; no one sets forth his case truthfully. They depend on false words and tell lies; they conceive of oppression and give birth to sin. 5 They hatch the eggs of a poisonous snake and spin a spider’s web. Whoever eats their eggs will die, a poisonous snake is hatched. 6 Their webs cannot be used for clothing; they cannot cover themselves with what they make. Their deeds are sinful; they commit violent crimes. 7 They are eager to do evil, quick to shed innocent blood. Their thoughts are sinful; they crush and destroy.
4Q184 1:1-4
The Seductress
Dead Sea Scrolls, Wisdom and Instruction
1 [From her mouth] she brings out emptiness, and in […] worthlessness. She seeks errors always, [and with her tongue] she sharpens her words. [With mockery] 2 and scorn she speaks smoothly, to deride altogether with lips of iniquity. Her heart sets up recklessness, and her inward parts are snares [of the pit. Her palms] 3 are defiled with iniquity; her hands grasp the pit. Her feet go down to do wickedness and to walk in guilt […] 4 foundations of darkness; a multitude of transgressions is in her skirts. … the gloom of night, and her clothing […]
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Notes and References
“... Pace Davies, however, 4Q184 is not one of these texts. Far from a sectarian reuse of lan-
guage borrowed from Proverbs, 4Q184 1 is work of extremely careful interpretation that
attempts to reconcile divergent ideologies found in two apparently authoritative texts:
Proverbs 1–9 and Isaiah, especially chapter 59. The interpreter harmonized these texts,
both the connections and the differences, to form a single character. This interpretation
answers a question that looms large in many central sectarian texts—why the righteous
sin—in the form of a character found in many sectarian texts, a demon. What makes
4Q184 so important is not only the answer itself, the character, but how it gets formed
through the harmonization of ideologically contradictory scriptural texts. [...] While the terms in 4Q184 undoubtedly allude to the slippery-tongued character in Prov-
erbs, the body parts also appear to reflect Isa 59, adding to the character deceit,
defilement, and legs moving to commit evil. ...”
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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