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The oath in Exodus for an animal's keeper follows the same way of establishing innocence found in Hammurabi's laws. Accepting the oath leaves unavoidable loss with the owner, rather than making safekeeping a guarantee of every animal's survival.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Code of Hammurabi 1:276

Babylonian Legal Text
Ancient Near East
264 If a herdsman who has been entrusted with cattle or sheep to tend, and who has received his agreed wages and is satisfied, lets the number of cattle or sheep decrease or lessens the rate of increase by birth, he shall make good the increase or profit lost, according to the terms of his agreement. 265 If a herdsman entrusted with the care of cattle or sheep acts fraudulently, falsifies the natural increase, or sells the animals for money, he shall be convicted and shall repay the owner ten times his loss. 266 If an act of a god occurs in the stable and an animal dies, or a lion kills it, the herdsman shall declare his innocence before the god, and the owner bears the loss in the stable.
Date: 1750 B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)

Exodus 22:11

Hebrew Bible
9 In all cases of illegal possessions, whether for an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or any kind of lost item, about which someone says ‘This belongs to me,’ the matter of the two of them will come before the judges, and the one whom the judges declare guilty must repay double to his neighbor. 10 If a man gives his neighbor a donkey or an ox or a sheep or any beast to keep, and it dies or is injured or is carried away without anyone seeing it, 11 then there will be an oath to the Lord between the two of them, that he has not laid his hand on his neighbor’s goods, and its owner will accept this, and he will not have to pay.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#7057
“... In verse 10 (and the declaration in v. 7), only the custodian is possibly culpable. Nevertheless, as chapter 9 has explained, all of the declarations in verses 7, 8, and 10 involve a test of veracity. In verse 8, the question as to whose declaration is valid is left open when it says that “the God will convict” one of the parties. Verse 10 is written from the default perspective that the oath is proved true. Therefore, the law says that the custodian need not recompense the loss. This optimistic default perspective can be attributed to the use of LH, which portrays the oath as exculpatory. The foregoing considerations indicate that the oath in verse 10, including the mention of the divine name, is not a later addition.13 The irregularities in CC’s text at this point, which might be taken as a sign of secondariness, are due to CC’s revision of the bare description of judicial declaration in LH 266 to approximate the wording of verse 7 and to provide explicit correlation with the theme of the pronouncement of the divine name. This description of a judicial oath is the last of the various casuistic laws that implicitly or explicitly entail judicial declarations in connection with the deity (cf. 21:13–14; 22:7, 8). Perhaps, therefore, for climactic emphasis, the divine name is explicitly mentioned. ...”

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