Texts in Conversation
Isaiah's title for God as lord of armies recalls Rashap's military title at Ugarit, giving the heavenly king the authority of a commander.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.91:15
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
Wine that is consumed by the hand of […] at the king's sacrifice […]: the sacrifice of Sapan; […] Ilib; the god of Bldn; [Pi]dray of the king's house; [an ox] […] […] when Athtart of the Field enters the king's house; when the Rashaps enter the king's house; […] the new moons; the sacrifice of Baal […] when the Lady of the House goes; at the pit of Rashap of the Army; […] […] the gods; […] […] the Lady. Lbnm: wine, ten. Hlb-Gngnt: wine, three. Bsr: wine, ten. Nnu: wine, four. Sql: wine, three. Smny: two jars of wine. Smgy: a jar of wine. Hzp: wine, nine. Bir: ten, mṣb wine; […] drawn wine. Hpty: two jars, [mṣb wine]. Agm: four, [mṣb wine].
Isaiah 6:3
Hebrew Bible
1 In the year of King Uzziah’s death, I saw the Lord seated on a high, elevated throne. The hem of his robe filled the temple. 2 Seraphs stood over him; each one had six wings. With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and they used the remaining two to fly. 3 They called out to one another, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Heaven’s Armies! His majestic splendor fills the entire earth!” 4 The sound of their voices shook the door frames, and the temple was filled with smoke. 5 I said, “Woe to me! I am destroyed, for my lips are contaminated by sin, and I live among people whose lips are contaminated by sin. My eyes have seen the king, the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.”
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Notes and References
“... At the national level, ‛Ashtart’s role in warfare
as well as the gods’ warfare role (as we noted above for Ba‛al and Rashap)229
seems to have been confl ated earlier with the role of the national god in
Iron Age Israel. [...] Thus Resheph appears as a divine fi gure only as part of Yahweh’s military retinue in Ha-
bakkuk 3:5, while the constellation of features associated in West Semitic literature with
Ba‛al are applied in biblical literature to Yahweh. Cf. also the biblical title yhwh ṣb’wt and
Ugaritic ršp ṣbỉ (KTU 1.91:15). ...”
Smith, Mark S.
"ʿAthtart in Late Bronze Age Syrian Texts" in Sugimoto, David T. (ed.) Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar – Astarte – Aphrodite
(p. 84) Academic Press Fribourg; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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