Texts in Conversation
In Judges 11, Jephthah's vow follows the Ugaritic pattern of promising a gift for victory, placing his disastrous promise within a familiar way of seeking a god's help in battle.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.119:28
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East
When the mighty one attacks your gate, the warrior, your walls, you shall lift up your eyes to Baal. O Baal: If you drive the mighty one from our gate, the warrior from our walls: A bull, O Baal, we will consecrate; a vow, Baal, we will fulfill; a firstborn, Baal, we will consecrate; a flesh sacrifice, Baal, we will fulfill. A feast, Baal, we will prepare; the sanctuary, Baal, we will ascend; the path of Baal’s temple, we will walk. Then Baal will listen to your prayer. He will drive the mighty one from your gate, the warrior from your walls.
Judges 11:30
Hebrew Bible
30 Jephthah made a vow to the Lord, saying, “If you really do hand the Ammonites over to me, 31 then whoever is the first to come through the doors of my house to meet me when I return safely from fighting the Ammonites—he will belong to the Lord, and I will offer him up as a burnt sacrifice.” 32 Jephthah approached the Ammonites to fight with them, and the Lord handed them over to him. 33 He defeated them from Aroer all the way to Minnith—20 cities in all, even as far as Abel Keramim. He wiped them out! The Israelites humiliated the Ammonites. 34 When Jephthah came home to Mizpah, there was his daughter hurrying out to meet him, dancing to the rhythm of tambourines. She was his only child; except for her he had no son or daughter.
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Notes and References
“... KTU 1.119 in Relation to Israelite Prayer and Ritual
The student of Ugaritic and Israelite literature is not surprised to find
congruences between the two. That is no less true with regard to the
prayer to Baal text than it has been of other Ugaritic texts when
examined in relation to Israelite texts and practices. I have indicated
the formal similarities to the vow in Israelite literature, a likeness that
could be extended to other texts such as Num. 21.1-4 and Judg. 11.30-
32, both of which have to do with vows to the deity in situations of
military conflict, seeking God's help to defeat the enemy. The resem-
blances are rather sharp, even though the Ugaritic vow is in the context
of ritual prescription while the biblical vows are parts of narrative
reports. Not only do we have the formal and material similarity of a
conditional clause asking the deity's help in overcoming the enemy and
an apodosis vowing sacrifices to the deity when the help is given, but in
all three cases the report is given that the deity responded. In KTU
1.119 and Num. 21.3 the texts explicitly report that Baal and Yahweh
hear ($m') the prayer and drive the enemy out (KTU 1.119) or give
them over (Num. 21.3). ...”
Miller, Patrick D.
Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays
(p. 97) Sheffield Academic Press, 2000
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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