Texts in Conversation
1 Enoch describes Leviathan and Behemoth as female and male monsters, one thrown into the sea and the other into the wilderness. Rabbinic tradition in tractate Bava Batra also describes them as female and male, separated to prevent them from breeding.
Share:
2500 BCE
1000+ CE
1 Enoch 60:6
Pseudepigrapha
5 And when the day of power, punishment, and judgment comes, which the Lord of Spirits has prepared for those who do not worship the righteous law, and for those who deny the righteous judgment, and for those who take His name in vain—that day is prepared, for the chosen a covenant, but for sinners an inquisition. 6 On that day, two great monsters were separated, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the depths of the ocean over the springs of waters. 7 The male is named Behemoth, who with his chest occupies a desolate wilderness named Dûidâin, east of the garden where the chosen and righteous dwell, where my grandfather was taken up, the seventh from Adam, the first man whom the Lord of Spirits created. 8 I pleaded with the other angel to show me the power of these monsters, how they were separated on one day and thrown, one into the depths of the sea, and the other into the dry land of the wilderness. 9 He said to me: 'Son of man, you seek to know what is concealed.'
Bava Batra 74b
Babylonian Talmud
Rabbinic
The verse states: “And God created the great sea monsters” (Genesis 1:21). Here, in Babylonia, they interpreted this as a reference to the sea oryx. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: This is leviathan the slant serpent, and leviathan the tortuous serpent, as it is stated: “In that day the Lord with His sore and great and strong sword will punish leviathan the slant serpent, and leviathan the tortuous serpent” (Isaiah 27:1). § The Gemara provides a mnemonic for the following statements of Rav Yehuda citing Rav: Everything; time; Jordan. Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: Everything that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created in His world, He created male and female. Even leviathan the slant serpent and leviathan the tortuous serpent He created male and female. And if they would have coupled and produced offspring, they would have destroyed the entire world. What did the Holy One, Blessed be He, do? He castrated the male and killed the female, and salted the female to preserve it for the banquet for the righteous in the future. As it is stated: “And He will slay the serpent that is in the sea” (Isaiah 27:1). And He created even the beasts on the thousand hills (see Psalms 50:10) male and female. And they were so enormous that if they would have coupled and produced offspring, they would have destroyed the entire world. What did the Holy One, Blessed be He, do? He castrated the male and cooled the sexual desire of the female and preserved it for the righteous in the future. As it is stated about the beasts: “Lo now, his strength is in his loins” (Job 40:16); this is referring to the male. The continuation of the verse: “And his force is in the stays of his body”; this is the female, alluding to the idea that they did not use their genitals for the purpose of procreation.
Date: 450-550 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
Search:
Notes and References
“... First Enoch 60 presumes such a taming of Leviathan and Behemoth as well as the sea, and these figures are completely within the control of the creator deity. They are separated from one another such that Leviathan dwells in the water and Behemoth on the land. They are preserved for the purpose of feasting upon those being punished in the “great Day of the Lord”: And on that day two monsters (ʿanābərt) will be separated from one another, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the abyss of the ocean over the fountains of the waters. But the male is named Behemoth, who covers with his belly an empty wilderness named Duidain. . . . And I besought the other angel that he should show me the might of those monsters, how they were separated in one day and cast, the one into the abysses of the sea, and the other into the dry land of the wilderness. . . . And the angel of peace who was with me said to me: “These two monsters are to be ready for the great Day of the Lord to be feasted, so that the punishment of the Lord of spirits may fall upon them and not come forth in vain”. (1 Enoch 60:7–9, 24) First Enoch 60 explicitly describes the “Head of Days” enthroned and fully controlling the sea, Leviathan, and Behemoth, along with the moon, stars, and various weather phenomena. [...] This text is distinct in portraying Leviathan and Behemoth feasting on people in the eschaton, rather than people feasting on Leviathan and Behemoth as in the other examples of the combat-banquet tradition. However, the notion that the “Head of Days” has preserved Leviathan and Behemoth for a purpose and that he will utilize them in some way is consistent with 2 Baruch 29:4, 4 Ezra 6, b. Baba Batra ...”
Ballentine, Debra Scoggins
The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition
(p. 155) Oxford University Press, 2015
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
Your Feedback:
Leave a Comment
Anonymous comments are welcome. All comments are subject to moderation.