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Jesus' wedding banquet parable in Matthew ends with a guest thrown out for arriving without wedding clothes. Rabbinic tradition in Ecclesiastes Rabbah tells a parable of a king who invites guests to a feast, similarly rejecting any not properly dressed.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Matthew 22:11
New Testament
8 Then he said to his slaves, ‘The wedding is ready, but the ones who had been invited were not worthy. 9 So go into the main streets and invite everyone you find to the wedding banquet.’ 10 And those slaves went out into the streets and gathered all they found, both bad and good, and the wedding hall was filled with guests. 11 But when the king came in to see the wedding guests, he saw a man there who was not wearing wedding clothes. 12 And he said to him, ‘Friend, how did you get in here without wedding clothes?’ But he had nothing to say. 13 Then the king said to his attendants, ‘Tie him up hand and foot and throw him into the outer darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth!’ 14 For many are called, but few are chosen.”
Ecclesiastes Rabbah 9:8
Aggadah
Rabbinic
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi stated a parable; to what is this matter analogous? It is to a king who made a feast and invited guests. He said to them: ‘Go bathe and anoint [yourselves], press and launder your garments, and prepare yourselves for the feast.’ But he did not set a time for them when they should come to the feast. The clever among them strolled at the entrance to the king’s palace. They said: ‘Does the king’s palace lack anything?’1 The fools among them paid no heed and were not scrupulous regarding the king’s instructions. They said: ‘Ultimately, we will sense when the king’s feast begins. Is there any feast that does not require preparation and [arranging] seating [for the guests] next to each other?’ The plasterer went to his plaster, the potter to his mortar, the blacksmith to his coal, the launderer to his laundry room. Suddenly, the king said: ‘Everyone to the feast.’ They hurried them.2). These came in their glory, and those came in their repulsiveness. The king was pleased with those who were clever, who fulfilled the king’s instructions, and moreover, they brought honor to the king’s palace, but he was angry at the fools who did not fulfill the king’s instructions, and disrespected the king’s palace. The king said: ‘Let those who prepared themselves for the feast come and partake in the king’s feast, and those who did not prepare themselves for the feast will not partake of the king’s feast.’ One might [think] they would take their leave, [but] the king then said: ‘No, but rather these shall recline, eat, and drink, and those shall stand on their feet, be punished, observe, and suffer.’
Date: 700-950 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
“... 22:2–14: Parable about the wedding garment. Rabbinic parables that are reminiscent of individual ideas. [...] With several variations, Midr. Eccl. 9:8 (42A): “At every time let your garments be white and your head never lacking oil” (Eccl 9:8). R. Yohanan b. Zakkai said, “If Scripture were speaking of white garments, how many white garments the nations of the world have! And if Scripture were speaking about good oils, how many good oils the nations of the world have! Behold, though, it is speaking only about fulfillments of the commandments and good works and the study of the Torah.” R. Judah the prince told a parable: “Like a king who held a banquet and invited zimmen (guests). He said, ‘Go, bathe yourselves, clean yourselves, anoint yourselves, wash your garments, and prepare yourselves for the banquet!’ Yet he did not fix a specific time for them. The wise walked back and forth at the entrance of the palace. They said, ‘Should the palace of the king lack anything?’ Yet the foolish did not concern themselves with the word of the king. They said, ‘Ultimately we will become aware of something from the king’s banquet! Is there ever a banquet without labor and fixing the order of the table?’ (so Matt. Keh.). Then the limestone painter went to his limestone, the potter to his clay, the smith to his coal, the washer to his washhouse. Suddenly the king commanded that all should come to the banquet. They were compelled to hurry. Some came in their adornment and the others in their ugliness. ...”
Strack, Hermann L., and Paul Billerbeck
A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, Volume 1: Matthew
(pp. 1630-1631) Lexham Academic, 2022
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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