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In Acts 7, Stephen counts forty years for Moses in Egypt, forty in Midian, and forty leading Israel. Rabbinic tradition in Genesis Rabbah similarly divides his 120 years into the same three periods, also following a haggadic tradition.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Acts 7:23
New Testament
22 So Moses was trained in all the wisdom of the Egyptians and was powerful in his words and deeds. 23 But when he was about forty years old, it entered his mind to visit his fellow countrymen the Israelites. 24 When he saw one of them being hurt unfairly, Moses came to his defense and avenged the person who was mistreated by striking down the Egyptian.
Genesis Rabbah 100:10
Aggadah
Rabbinic
“Joseph resided in Egypt, he, and his father's household; Joseph lived one hundred and ten years” (Genesis 50:22). “Joseph resided in Egypt…” – there are six pairs whose years were equal: Rebecca and Kehat, Levi and Amram, Joseph and Joshua, Samuel and Solomon, Moses and Hillel the elder, Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Zakkai and Rabbi Akiva. Moses spent forty years in Pharaoh’s palace, forty years in Midyan, and he served Israel for forty years. Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Zakkai engaged in commerce for forty years, studied Torah for forty years, and served Israel for forty years. Rabbi Akiva was an ignoramus for forty years, studied Torah for forty years, and served Israel for forty years.
Date: 500 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
... Exodus Rabbah 1:27 (commenting on Exodus 2:11 and the end of the first Egyptian phase of his life) says, “Moses was twenty years old at the time; some say forty” (see also 1:30 on Exodus 2:14). Stephen in Acts 7:23 puts his age at forty when he “visited his relatives” and soon after had to flee the country and in 7:30 credits forty years to his sojourn in Midian, so that his 120 years consisted of three forty-year periods (see verse 36 for the forty wilderness years). The same division is attested in Genesis Rabbah 100:10: “Moses spent forty years in Pharaoh’s palace, forty years in Midian, and served Israel forty years.” The writer of Jubilees comes very close to the system of three forty-year units but modifies it slightly so that the first period consists of twenty-one plus twenty-one years, perhaps because of his fondness for sevens but especially from the need to give him a proper Israelite upbringing. This will leave only thirty-eight years for his time in Midian (see 48:1 and the commentary there). ...
VanderKam, James C.
Jubilees 2: A Commentary on the Book of Jubilees Chapters 22-50
(p. 1145) Fortress Press, 2018
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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