Texts in Conversation
In 3 Maccabees, the priest Eleazar prays for God to appear and rescue his people in their hour of crisis. Titus uses the same Greek verb to announce that God’s saving grace has already appeared, bringing salvation to all.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
3 Maccabees 6:9
Deuterocanon
8 When Jonah was pining away in the belly of the sea-born monster, you looked at him, O Father, and recovered him to the sight of his own. 9 Now, you who hate insolence, you who abound in mercy, you who are the protector of all things, appear quickly to those of the race of Israel, who are insulted by abhorred, lawless Gentiles. 10 If our life during our exile has been stained with iniquity, deliver us from the hand of the enemy, and destroy us, O Lord, by the death which you prefer.
Titus 2:11
New Testament
10 not pilfering, but showing all good faith, in order to bring credit to the teaching of God our Savior in everything. 11 For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all people. 12 It trains us to reject godless ways and worldly desires and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age,
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Notes and References
... Titus 2:11: 2 Maccabees 3:30; 3 Maccabees 6:9. Titus 2:12: Aristobulus fragment 4:8. Titus 2:14: Psalm 130:8; Exodus 19:5; Deuteronomy 4:20; 7:6; 14:2; Ezekiel 37:23. [In the catalogue “Quotations, Allusions, and Parallels to the New Testament,” Evans lists 3 Maccabees 6:9 as a direct parallel to Titus 2:11. The shared element is the Hellenistic Jewish epiphany verb: 3 Maccabees 6:9 uses the imperative epiphanēthi (“reveal yourself, appear”) in Eleazar’s prayer for God to manifest himself and rescue the diaspora Jews held under Ptolemy IV; Titus 2:11 uses the aorist epephanē of the same verb to announce that the saving grace of God has already appeared. Both texts deploy the same Greek language of decisive divine intervention on behalf of God’s people in distress.] ...
Evans, Craig A.
Ancient Texts for New Testament Studies: A Guide to the Background Literature
(p. 395) Hendrickson, 2005
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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