“... Verse 22 develops the military aspect of Haggai’s future vision through the use of battle imagery drawn from Israel’s heritage. The term ‘overturn’ (hpk) connotes total and instantaneous destruction by God’s unlimited power and is used most regularly to describe God’s annihilation of Sodom and Gomorrah (e.g., Genesis 19:21, 25, 29; Deuteronomy 29:23; Lamentations 4:6; Amos 4:11; compare Isaiah 1:7–9; Jeremiah 20:16). In Deuteronomy and the prophets it refers to the judgment of God on his people, but Haggai is called to reverse this trend and use it for foreign nations (as Genesis 19) alongside the term ‘shatter’ (smd), a more common term for divine judgment of the nations (e.g., Deuteronomy 2:20–23; 9:1–6). In the second part of verse 22 the focus moves from general political to specific military vocabulary as the prophet continues to draw from stock Israelite images. The ‘overthrow’ of ‘chariots and their drivers’ and the ‘fall’ of ‘horses and their riders’ draws on the Exodus tradition in which Pharaoh is defeated (e.g., Exodus 14:23–25) ...”