"... The allusive texture is probably densest in the late Book of Joel, sometimes called the 'learned prophet,' who, though sedulous in his recreation of the old oral forms, must have composed his prophecies in writing toward the close of the Persian period (early fourth century B.C.E.). Like the authors of the two pseudonymous collections sometimes known as 'Second Zechariah' (Zechariah 9-14), Joel appeals to textual traditions in support of an eschatological vision which will supersede the theocratic reliance on ritual and law. His picture of the endtime, later adopted by the author of Acts for Peter's speech at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-21), includes a radical democratization of spiritual authority ... (Joel 2:28) Yet this very passage is itself heavily indebted to at least two literary models: Ezekiel's prediction of the outpouring of spirit upon the hause of Israel (Ezekiel 39:29), which also underlies the transition from the previous oracle (compare Joel 2:27 and Ezekiel 39:28), and Moses' defense of unauthorized prophecy in the Wilderness camp (Numbers 11:29) - a parodoxically mediated projection of unmediated experience ..."

Marks, Herbert "The Twelve Prophets" in Alter, Robert, and Frank Kermode (eds.) The Literary Guide to the Bible (pp. 207-233) Harvard University Press, 1987