"... The third illustration shifts to the bad effects these false teachers have rather than the good effects they do not have. They are like a wave that brings seaweed and garbage up on the shore (Isaiah 57:20). The metaphor breaks down with aischynas: they are foaming with shameful deeds, the overflow of their evil character. They are also like wandering stars (1 Enoch 18:13-16; 21:1-6: 88:1-3) which is a likely reference to planets that appear to wander from their course or to comets or meteors that manifest an apparently erratic course. 'Wandering stars' may be an allusion to fallen angels, who are closely associated with the stars in Jewish tradition. In any case, God has reserved for them the gloom of eternal darkness, in contrast to the earlier eternal fire (Tobit 14:10; 1 Enoch 63:6). Clearly the author intends this as a metaphorical description of life without God forever, not a literal description of what hell is like (it cannot be both utterly dark and utterly light forever). The teachers are thus accused of disorderly, useless and harmful conduct, of acting like irrational and amoral animals. 1 Enoch 80:6 describes all of nature becoming disorderly and lawless just before the eschatological end of things. And the fate of such star beings is utter and outer darkness (1 Enoch 18, 20). The rhetorical intent and effect of this colorful language was to create a negative emotional response, to create pathos, this case appealing to one's sense of fear and horror at betrayal and shameful behavior. The six metaphors of verses 12-13 provide a powerful series of mental images and associations which seriously diminish the ethos of the sectarians especially with regard to their leadership and teaching roles ..."