Chronological timeline of texts tagged with Blotting Out
About This Tag
In ancient Near Eastern treaties, the language of "blotting out" a name or memory was a formal, formulaic expression signaling total judgment and irreversible removal from existence or covenantal status. This phrasing appears across a wide range of treaty and legal literature, where the threat of name erasure served both as a curse against violators and as a warning to others. The Hebrew Bible preserves this formulaic usage in several texts, where divine judgment or covenantal breaches result in the "blotting out" of individuals, peoples, or even entire nations, aligning closely with broader ancient Near Eastern traditions of legal and ritual language. The concept became so important for the authors of the Hebrew Bible that the terminology began to become incorporated in places where it may not seem obvious or where no literal covenant is in context.
Note: Dates shown in this timeline are approximate and based on scholarly estimates.
Back to Tag1750 B.C.E.
Code of Hammurabi
Ancient Near East
May Bel, the lord, who fixes destiny, whose command can not be altered, who has made my kingdom great, order a rebellion which his hand can not control; may he let the wind of the overthrow of his habitation blow, may he ordain the years of his rule in groaning, years of scarcity, years of famine, darkness without light, death with seeing eyes be fated to him; may he (Bel) order with his potent mouth the destruction of his city, the dispersion of his subjects, the cutting off of his rule, the complete extinction of his name and memory from the land.
1300 B.C.E.
Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup
Ancient Near East
The words of the treaty and the oath that are inscribed on this tablet—should Duppi-Tessub not honor these words of the treaty and the oath, may these gods of the oath utterly destroy Duppi-Tessub together with his person, his wife, his son, his grandson, his house, his land and together with everything that he owns. But if Duppi-Tessub honors these words of the treaty and the oath that are inscribed on this tablet, may these gods of the oath protect him together with his person, his wife, his son, his grandson, his house and his country.
1200 B.C.E.
KAI 26.iii
Ancient Near East
But if any king of kings, or prince of princes, or any man who is a man of renown, should erase the name of Azatiwada from this gate and put (his own) name (on it), or even should he covet this city and tear out this gate which Azatiwada made, and make for it a different gate and put his name upon it whether he tears it out with covetousness or with hatred and evil he tears out this gate—then may Baʿal-Shamem and El Creator-of-Earth and the eternal Sun and the entire assembly of the sons of the gods blot out that kingdom and that king and that man!
672 B.C.E.
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Ancient Near East
Whoever changes, neglects, violates, or voids the oath of this tablet and transgresses against the father, the lord, and the adê of the great gods and breaks their entire oath, or whoever discards this adê-tablet, a tablet of Aššur, king of the gods, and the great gods, my lords, or whoever removes the statue of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, the statue of Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, or the statues of his brothers and his sons which are over him—you will guard like your god this sealed tablet of the great ruler on which is written the adê of Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, the son of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, your lord, which is sealed with the seal of Aššur, king of the gods, and which is set up before you. May Aramiš, lord of the city and land of Qarnê and lord of the city and land of Azaʾi, fill you with green water. May Adad and Šāla of Kurbaʾil create piercing pain and ill health everywhere in your land. May Šarrat-Ekron make a worm fall from your insides. Just as a shoot is ... and seeds and the sikkitu of beer are placed within, and just as these seeds do not sprout, and the sikkitu of beer does not turn to its …, may your name, your seed, and the seed of your brothers and your sons completely disappear from the face of the earth.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Genesis 6:7
Hebrew Bible
6 The Lord regretted that he had made humankind on the earth, and he was highly offended. 7 So the Lord said, “I will blot out* humankind, whom I have created, from the face of the earth—everything from humankind to animals, including creatures that move on the ground and birds of the air, for I regret that I have made them.” 8 But Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord.
5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Exodus 17:14
Hebrew Bible
13 So Joshua destroyed Amalek and his army with the sword. 14 The Lord said to Moses, “Write this as a memorial in the book, and rehearse it in Joshua’s hearing; for I will surely blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.” 15 Moses built an altar, and he called it “The Lord is my Banner,” 16 for he said, “For a hand was lifted up to the throne of the Lord—that the Lord will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.”
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Deuteronomy 9:14
Hebrew Bible
13 Moreover, he said to me, “I have taken note of these people; they are a stubborn lot! 14 Stand aside and I will destroy them, obliterating their very name from memory, and I will make you into a stronger and more numerous nation than they are.” 15 So I turned and went down the mountain while it was blazing with fire; the two tablets of the covenant were in my hands.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
Deuteronomy 29:20
Hebrew Bible
19 When such a person hears the words of this oath he secretly blesses himself and says, ‘I will have peace though I continue to walk with a stubborn spirit.’ This will destroy the watered ground with the parched. 20 The Lord will be unwilling to forgive him, and his intense anger will rage against that man; all the curses written in this scroll will fall upon him, and the Lord will obliterate his name from memory. 21 The Lord will single him out for judgment from all the tribes of Israel according to all the curses of the covenant written in this scroll of the law.
6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition)
1 Samuel 15:11
Hebrew Bible
10 Then the Lord’s message came to Samuel: 11 “I regret that I have made Saul king, for he has turned away from me and has not done what I told him to do.” Samuel became angry and he cried out to the Lord all that night. 12 Then Samuel got up early to meet Saul the next morning. But Samuel was informed, “Saul has gone to Carmel where he is setting up a monument for himself.” Then Samuel left and went down to Gilgal.
6th-3rd Centuries B.C.E.
Psalm 9:6
Hebrew Bible
5 You terrified the nations with your battle cry. You destroyed the wicked; you permanently wiped out all memory of them. 6 The enemy’s cities have been reduced to permanent ruins. You destroyed their cities; all memory of the enemies has perished. 7 But the Lord rules forever; he reigns in a just manner.