Texts in Conversation
In Psalm 7, the psalmist asks God to rise above the assembled peoples and judge them. In 11Q13 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, this language describes Melchizedek, who carries out judgment against Belial.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Psalms 7:6-9
Hebrew Bible
6 Stand up angrily, Lord. Rise up with raging fury against my enemies. Wake up for my sake, and execute the judgment you have decreed for them. 7 The countries are assembled all around you; take once more your rightful place over them. 8 The Lord judges the nations. Vindicate me, Lord, because I am innocent, because I am blameless, O Exalted One. 9 May the evil deeds of the wicked come to an end. But make the innocent secure, O righteous God, you who examine hearts and kidneys32.
11Q13 2:9-13
The Heavenly Prince Melchizedek
Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation
9 this is the time of the year of favor for Melchizedek and for his armies, the people of the holy ones of God, for a reign of judgment, as it is written 10 about him in the songs of David, who said, “God stands in the assembly [of El]; in the midst of the gods he judges.” And about him he said, “And above it 11 return to the heights; God will judge the peoples.” As for what he said, [“How long] will you judge unjustly and show favor to the wicked? Selah,” 12 its interpretation concerns Belial and the spirits of his lot, who […] … in their turning away from the statutes of God [to act wickedly]. 13 But Melchizedek will carry out the vengeance of the judgments of God, [and on that day he will] deliver them [from the hand of] Belial and from the hand of all the spirits [of his lot].
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Notes and References
“... Psalm 7:8b-9a "and above it,
to the heights, return: God shall judge the nations" is cited in lines
10-11 and seems to describe Melchizedek's movement from earth
to heaven. This is precisely what we should expect from a human
high priest who on the Day of Atonement enters the Holy of Holies
and thereby moves from earth to heaven. Nowhere in contcmpo-
rary Jewish texts does an angel undergo an upward movement with
the kind of salvific effect ascribed to Melchizedek in our text. Yet,
this is the language of human transformation, enthronement and
apotheosis. [...] But, on the other hand, to speak of Melchizedek's return to the
heights picks up also the theme of Jubilee return for the human cap-
tives in exile which lies at the heart of our Peshcr. Leviticus 25
repeatedly refers to 1.11c Jubilee as a time of return and Leviticus
25:13—"in this year of Jubilee each of you shall return to his prop-
erty" is cited in line 2 (cf. Lev 25:10, 41) of our text and in line 6
Melchizedek makes the people return.
201 This has led Kobelski to con-
elude that in lines 10 — 11 it is not the return of Melchizedek but the
captives that is view.
2 0 8 However, it would be wrong to play off
against one another the two possibilities. Rather, Psalm 7:8-9 has,
it seems, been carefully chosen to describe Melchizedek's heaven-
ward movement as representative of and determinative for the return
of the people as a whole. This again tells against Melchizedek being
"an angel", but is consistent with Melchizedek's divine (and rcpre-
sentative) humanity. ...”
Fletcher-Louis, Crispin H. T.
All the Glory of Adam: Liturgical Anthropology in the Dead Sea Scrolls
(pp. 219-220) Brill, 2002
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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