"... A final function of intertextuality is the artful allusion to an earlier work but without exegetical repercussions. Sommer labels this type “echo,” although he deviates from Richard Hays’s use of the same term. For Sommer, an echo evokes an earlier text in the mind of the reader or listener and nothing more. They have “the pleasure of recognition” but are not guided in any way to proceed further; they merely appreciate the literary artistry in its own right. The audience therefore moves through steps one and two of the intertextual process, recognizing the marker and the evoked text, but they stop before proceeding to step three since there is no discernible significance beyond the echoing of the earlier text. The intertextual link is not a coincidental resemblance to an earlier text, for it meets several or all of the criteria enumerated above for proving author-oriented intertextuality, but it does nothing to elucidate or react against the antecedent text. It is merely there for the audience’s enjoyment. A possible example of such an echo is Judith’s exclamation that God will punish Israel’s gentile foes and “will send fire and worms into their flesh” (Judith 16:17), echoing Isaiah’s description of the horrid state of those who rebel against Yahweh, where “their worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be extinguished” (Isaiah 66:24). Apart from the skillful borrowing of these Isaian images, there is probably no clear purpose to the intertextual connection. (Although Judith 16:17 employs prophetic language, there may be an allusion to the fate of Antiochus Epiphanes, struck with worms as a divine punishment in 2 Maccabees 9:9) ..."