Texts in Conversation

2 Maccabees portrays its military battle as a continuation of the Exodus tradition by invoking the language of Exodus 23, asking God to be an enemy of their enemies and an adversary to their adversaries.
Share:
2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Exodus 23:22

Hebrew Bible
20 “I am going to send a messenger before you to protect you as you journey and to bring you into the place that I have prepared. 21 Take heed because of him, and obey his voice; do not rebel against him, for he will not pardon your transgressions, for my Name is in him. 22 But if you diligently obey him and do all that I command, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and I will be an adversary to your adversaries. 23 For my angel will go before you and bring you to the Amorites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Canaanites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites, and I will destroy them completely. 24 “You must not bow down to their gods; you must not serve them or do according to their practices. Instead you must completely overthrow them and smash their standing stones to pieces.
Date: 750–400 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)

2 Maccabees 10:26

Deuterocanon
24 Now Timotheus, who had been defeated by the Jews before, having gathered together foreign forces in great multitudes, and having collected the cavalry which belonged to Asia, not a few, came as though he would take Judea by force of weapons. 25 But as he drew near, Maccabaeus and his men sprinkled dirt on their heads and bound their loins with sackcloth, in supplication to God, 26 and falling down upon the step in front of the altar, implored him to become gracious to them, and be an enemy to their enemies and an adversary to their adversaries, as the law declares. 27 Rising from their prayer they took up their weapons, and advanced some distance from the city. When they had come near to their enemies, they halted. 28 When the dawn was now breaking, the two armies joined in battle, the one part having this, beside virtue, for a pledge of success and victory, that they had fled to the Lord for refuge, the others making their passion their leader in the fight.
Date: 160–63 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Search:

Notes and References

#2661
"... 2 Maccabees is a Hellenistic work, very different from biblical historiography, but the influence of Deuteronomy on the book has been acknowledged by several scholars. Still, its use of Deuteronomy differs from that of 1 Maccabees. The religious fervor advocated by the book does not consist in the eradication of the unfaithful Jews/Judeans (Deuteronomy 13), but rather in martyrdom, in willingness to die rather than transgress the Law. This is a wholly different kind of faithfulness to the Law. What is more, the book has a clear theological agenda. First, it tries to argue that in spite of the persecution of the faithful ones, God is just, punishes the wicked and rewards the pious. In this connection, Daniel Schwartz has argued that Deuteronomy 32 plays a key role in the ideology of 2 Maccabees, in so far as it inspires the 'sin-punishment-reconciliation theme' so prominent in the book. The main Deuteronomic influence on 2 Maccabees is in fact the idea that the misfortunes of the Judeans were a consequence of their sins. The second aspect of the book's theological agenda is its insistence on the omnipotence of God, who fights for his people (See 2 Maccabees 10:26, referring explicitly to Exodus 23:22) and is able to grant victory even to a small group of barely armed people facing a powerful and professional army, an idea that appears in Deuteronomy too (7:17-24; 20:1-4). Moreover, in 2 Maccabees, God is so sensationally involved in the history of his people that celestial visions, powerful angels and miraculous deliverances abound ..."
Katell Berthelot, “The Biblical Conquest of the Promised Land and the Hasmonaean Wars According to 1 and 2 Maccabees,” in The Books of the Maccabees: History, Theology, Ideology: Papers of the Second International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, ed. Géza G. Xeravits and József Zsengellér (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 45–60.

* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.

Your Feedback:

Leave a Comment

Do you have questions or comments about these texts? Please submit them here.

Anonymous comments are welcome. All comments are subject to moderation.

User Comments

,

Find Similar Texts

Search by the same Books

Search by the same Reference

Compare the same Books

Compare the same Text Groups

Go to Intertext