"... The concern for the ger is closely followed in Exodus 22:21 by the command about the widow and orphan: “You must not wrong any widow or orphan.” The earliest prophetic text that speaks out against mistreatment of these three groups and which denounces fraud and violent treatment is Jeremiah 22:3 (see also 7:6): “Do not defraud or use violence toward the stranger, the orphan, or the widow.” This same connection of stranger, orphan, and widow is found in Ezekiel 22:7 ... It is perhaps significant that the plight of the ger is not in evidence as a concern in the eighth-century prophets and comes into view only in the late monarchy or early exilic period. It is for this reason that Crüsemann wants to associate the rise of this concern with the downfall of the Northern Kingdom. Since these prophetic texts are from the late monarchy and early exilic period, as are the references in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Code, there is no need to tie concern for the ger to this particular historical event of the late eighth century. The combined concerns of Exodus 22:20–21 belong to the same horizon as the exilic prophetic texts and the other two law codes on which it is dependent ..."