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In the Exagoge, a retelling of the Exodus as a Greek tragedy, Pharaoh's army finds the Israelites feeding their wives and children, a detail added to the story. In Philo's Life of Moses, the army also arrives as the Israelites are about to eat.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Exagoge 207
Ezekiel the Tragedian
Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
204 The Hebrews, when our army overtook them, 205 were lying in groups along the shore 206 beside the Red Sea, worn out from their labor; 207 others, with their wives, 208 were busy feeding their little children, 209 loaded down with flocks and herds and household goods. 210 The men themselves, with no weapons for battle, 211 let out a cry of anguish at the sight of us, 212 and all of them, raising their hands to heaven, called on 213 their ancestors' God. Their numbers were great, 214 but our whole camp was overjoyed. 215 We pitched our camp close behind them, by the sea, 216 where there is a city called Baal-zephon. 217 As the sun was setting in the west, 218 we waited, eager for battle at dawn, 219 trusting in our great army and deadly weapons.
Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.169
Classical
169 The king, therefore, with these ideas, pursued after the Hebrews, thinking that he should subdue them by the mere shout of battle. And, when he overtook them, they were already encamped along the shore of the Red Sea. And they were just about to go to breakfast, when, at first, a mighty sound reached them, as was natural from such a host of men and beasts of burden all proceeding on with great haste, so that they all ran out of their tents to look round, and stood on tip-toes to see and hear what was the matter. Then, a short time afterwards, the army of the enemy came in sight as it rose over a hill, all in arms, and ready arranged in line of battle.
Date: 40 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
“... Yet another element of Ezekiel's Exagoge can be found in Philo's Vita: Ezekiel tells us that during its flight from Egypt, the Egyptian army catches up with the Jews when they are feeding their wives and children (Exag. 207). An echo of this pathetic amplification of the biblical narrative is also present in Philo, because in his Vita the Egyptians arrive at the encampment of the Jews when they are having their supper (Mos. 1.169). [...] Philo does not only accept exegetical traditions from outside the Exagoge, but sometimes openly differs from Ezechiel. For example, when amplifying Exod 14,28, he confirms that from Pharaoh's army "not even a torchbearer survived to announce to the people of Egypt the sudden disaster" (Mos. 1.179), whereas in the Exagoge the messenger speech is precisely uttered by a rescued Egyptian soldier who describes the crossing of the Red Sea and the catastrophe of his own army. ...”
Lanfranchi, Pierluigi
"Reminiscences of Ezekiel's Exagoge in Philo's De vita Mosis" in Graupner, Axel; Wolter, Michael (ed.) Moses in Biblical and Extra-Biblical Traditions
(p. 149) De Gruyter, 2007
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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