Texts in Conversation

The Didache, an early church manual, begins with two ways set before its readers, one of life and one of death. In Deuteronomy, God offers Israel the same choice of life or death, and in Jeremiah's Hebrew God speaks of a way of life and a way of death.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE

Deuteronomy 30:15

Hebrew Bible
15 “Look! I have set before you today life and prosperity on the one hand, and death and disaster on the other. 16 What I am commanding you today is to love the Lord your God, to walk in his ways, and to obey his commandments, his statutes, and his ordinances. Then you will live and become numerous and the Lord your God will bless you in the land that you are about to possess. 17 However, if you turn aside and do not obey, but are lured away to worship and serve other gods, 18 I declare to you this very day that you will certainly perish! You will not extend your time in the land you are crossing the Jordan to possess. 19 Today I invoke heaven and earth as witnesses against you that I have set life and death, blessing and curse, before you. Therefore choose life so that you and your descendants may live!
Date: 6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)

Jeremiah 21:8

Hebrew Bible
8 “But tell the people of Jerusalem that the Lord says, ‘I will give you a choice between two courses of action. One will result in life; the other will result in death. 9 Those who stay in this city will die in battle or of starvation or disease. Those who leave the city and surrender to the Babylonians who are besieging it will live. They will escape with their lives. 10 For I, the Lord, say that I am determined not to deliver this city but to bring disaster on it. It will be handed over to the king of Babylon, and he will destroy it with fire.’”
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)

Didache 1:1

Early Christian
1 There are two Ways: one of Life and one of Death, and there is a significant difference between the two Ways. 2 The way of life is as follows: First, you should love the God who created you; secondly, love your neighbor as yourself. Treat others as you would want to be treated. 3 Now, the teaching behind these words is this: Bless those who curse you, pray for your enemies, and fast for those who persecute you. What credit is it to you if you love only those who love you back? Don't even the non-believers do the same? Instead, love those who hate you, and you will have no enemies.
Date: 70-80 C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References

#7658
“... Above, it was established that the Hebrew Bible exhibits an abundance of examples of the Two Ways metaphor, the most interesting of which are the passages in Deut 30:15 and 19. Although these two verses are not instances of the metaphor proper, they describe the choice God has given between "life and good" and "death and evil" (30:15), or "life and death" and "blessing and curse" (30:19). In rabbinic writings, especially in the Palestinian Targum tradition, the alternatives proposed here are associated with the two ways of life and death: See, I have set before you this day the way of life, by which the good reward for the just is fulfilled, and the way of death by which the evil reward for the wicked is fulfilled (TgPs-Yon on Deut 30:15) and ... the way of life and the way of mortality have I provided for you, the blessing and the curses; and you shall choose the way of life, in order that you may live ... (TgNeof on Deut 30:19). This interpretation was undoubtedly influenced by Jer 21:8, where the phrase 'to give before you' [...], also occurring in Deut 30:15.19, is combined with the way of life [...] and the way of death [...]. Other rabbinic instances linking the two ways theme with Deut 30 are DeutR 4,3, SifDeut (pisqa 53), and Pirqe R. El. 15. It may be true that the above formulations in Deut 30 and related Jewish traditions have played a part in the development of the Two Ways tradition. ...”
Sandt, Hubertus W., and David Flusser The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity (p. 143) Royal Van Gorcum, 2002

* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.

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